List of Authors

Compiled by Patricia Barlow-Irick, Ph.D.

Abrams and Ferris. 1960. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States.

Descriptions. Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, C. undulatum, C. brevifolium, C. ciliolatum, C. douglasii, C. hydrophilum, C, mohavense, C. canovirens, C. cymosum, C. californicum, C, utahense, C. nidulum, C. occidentale, C. proteanum, C. pastoris, C. rhothophilum, C. brevistylum, C. edule, C. hallii, C. andrewsii, C. crassicaule, C. quercetorum, C. loncholepis, C. foliosum, C. hookerianum, C. peckii, C. callilepis, C. acanthodontum, C. remotifolium, C. andersonii, C. campylon, C. fontinale.

Airy-Shaw, H.K. 1938. On the correct names of three European species of Cirsium. Repertorium specierum novarum regni vegetabilis. 43:302-315.
This needs to be compared with and integrated into the taxa list.

Cirsium vulgare, C. lanceolatum, Carduus vulgaris, Cirsium silvaticum, Cirsium rosani, Carduus sylvestris, C. lanceatus
Cirsium helenioides, Cirsium heterophyllum, Carduus helenioides, Carduus heterophyllus, Cirsium britannicum, Cnicus heterophyllus, Carduus helenifolius
Cirsium dissectum, Carduus dissectus, Carduus helenioides (in part), Carduus pratensis, Cirsium angelicum, Cnicus anglicus, Cirsium pratense.

Aishima, Toshiyuki. 1934. Chromosome numbers in the Genus Cirsium L. Bot. Mag. XLVIII, No. 506: 150-151.

Cirsium maritimum, C. lucens, C.tenuisquamatum, C. nipponicum, C. incomptum, C. pexum, C. yoshinoi, C. mirabile, C. indefensum, C. hachijoense, C. tobai, C. tristissimum, C. comosum, C. kagamontanum, C. heiianum, C. aidzuense, C. confertissimum, C. suzakaense, C. tenue, C. effusum, C. congestissimum, C. inundatum, C. alpicolum, C. greatrexii, C. grayanum, C. japonicum, C. autumnale, C. nikkoense, C. aomorenese, C. pendulum.

Arthur, J.C. 1912. New names for gamopetalous plants. Torreya 12:34.

Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) n.comb.

Blake, S.F. 1918. New or noteworthy Compositae. Contrib. Gray Herb., N. Ser. 53:23-30.

Cirsium acanthodontum sp. nov.

Blake, S.F. 1935. New Asteraceae from the United States. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 25(7): 311-325.

Cirsium trachylomum sp. nov.

Blake, S.F. 1938. New Asteraceae from Charleston Mountains, Nevada. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 51:7-10.

Cirsium clokeyi sp. nov.

Bloom, William. 1977. Chromosomals differentiation between Cirsium discolor and C. muticum and the origin of supernumerary chromosomes. Sytematic Botany 2(1): 1-13.

Buckley, S.B. 1862. Descriptions of new plants from Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec.1861:460.

Cirsium texanum.

Congdon, J.W. 1900. New species, principally from Mariposa County, California. Erythea 7:183-189.

Cnicus tioganus

Cory, V.L. 1936. New names and new compinations for Texas plants. Rhodora 38:408.

Cirsium helleri

Coville [problem: need name, and date] Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. Contri. U.S. Nat. Herb. 4:142.

Carduus andersonii, Carduus californicus, Carduus drummondii, Carduus drummondii acaulescens, Carduus ochrocentrus, Carduus occidentalis.

Eastwood, Alice. 1893. Colorado Plants. Zoe 4:8.

Cnicus eriocephalus, Cnicus drummondii var. bipinnatus.

Eastwood, Alice. 1898. Studies from the Herbarium. II. New species of Cnicus from Southern Colorado and Utah. Calif. Acad. Sco. Proc. 3d Ser. Bot. 1:121-122.

Cnicus bipinnatus, Cnicus diffusus, Cnicus hesperius.

Farwell [problem: name incomplete and alternative date of 1927] 1926. Botanical gleanings in Michigan. Am. Midl. Nat. 10:219.

Cirsium undulatum forma album.

Fernald. M.L. 1907. Note on Cirsium muticum var. monticola. Rhodora 9(97):28.

Cirsium muticum var. monticola.

Fernald. M.L. 1933. Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora. Rhodora 35:369.

Cirsium muticum forma lactiflorum, C. palustre.

Fernald, M.L. 1943. Minor transfers and forms in Cirsium. Rhodora 45: 353-354.

Cirsium horridulum forma elliotii, C. muticum forma subpinnatifidum, C. pumilum forma fultius, C. pumilum forma candidum.

Fernald, M.L. 1943. Eastern extension of Cirsium flodmani. Rhodora 45(536):356.

Cirsium flodmani

Fernald, M.L. and Schubert, M.L. 1948. Studies in the British herbarium. Rhodora 50:228-229. [problem: incomplete, more pages before 228 concern Cirsium].

Carduus spinosissimus, Cirsium horridulum, C. smallii, Carduus pinetorum, Cirsium spinosissimum, Carduus carolinianus, Cirsium flaccidum, Cirsium virginianum, and Cirsium carolinianum.

Gardner, Robert C. 1974. Systematics of Cirsium (Compositae) in Wyoming. Madroño 22:239-265.

Cirsium coloradense, C. scariosum, C. drummondii, C. foliosum, C. undulatum, C. flodmanii, C. ochrocentrum, C. canescens, C. pulcherrimum, C. subniveum, C. tweedyii, C. centaureae, C. vulgare, and C. arvense.

Gardner, Robert C. 1977. Taxonomic status of Cirsium pulcherrimum and C. subniveum. Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science 7(2-3):26.

Cirsium pulcherrimum and C. subniveum.

Gray, Asa. 1882. Novitae arizonicae. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17:200.

Cnicus rothrockii

Gray, Asa. 1883. Characters of new Compositae, with revisions. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 19:57.

Cnicus americanus, C. hallii, C. kamtschaticus, C. eatonii, C. rothrockii, C. foliosus, C. wheeleri, C. grahami, C. ochrocentrus, C. altissimus var. filipendulus, and C. altissimus var. discolor.

Gray, Asa. 1884. 198. Cnicus. Synoptic Flora of North America. 397-405.

Cnicus arvensis, C. lanceolatus, C. americanus, C. parryi, C. hookerianus, C. eriocephalus, C. edulis, C. hallii, C. kamtschaticus, Cnicus horridulus, C. eatoni, C. andrewsii, C. californicus, C. neo-mexicanus, C. occidentalis, C. andersoni, C. arizonicus, C. rothrockii, C. pumilus, C. quercetorum, C. drummondii, C. foliosus, C. scariosus, C. wheeleri, C. pitcheri, C. grahami, C. ochrocentrum, C. undulatus, C. breweri, C. breweri var. vaseyi, C. altissimus, C. virginianus, C. nuttallii, C. wrightii, C. repandus, C. lecontei, and C. muticus. [problem: check this for synonomy]

Gray, Asa. 1874. Contributions to the botany of North America. Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:39-49.

Cnicus lanceolatus, C. arvensis, C. repandus, C. lecontei, C. pumilus, C. horridulus, C. foliosus, C. drummondii, C. drummondii var acaulescens, C. quercetorum, C. muticus, C. nuttallii, C. wrightii, C. virginianus, C. altissimus, C. pitcheri, C. undulatus, C. undulatus var. canescens, C. undulatus var. megacephalus, C. undulatus var. ochrocentrus, C. undulatus var. grahami, C. breweri, C. arizonicus, C. andersonii, C. occidentalis, C. neo-mexicanus, C. andrewsii, C. californicus, C. hookerianus, C. eriocephalus, C. edulis, C. remotifolius, C. parryi, and C. carlinoides var. americanus.

Gray, Asa. 1853. Plantae wrightianae. Smiths. Contr. 2:101-102

Cirsium wrightii, C. virginianum, C. undulatum, C. ochrocentrum, C. neo-mexicanum, C. grahami.

Gray, Asa. 1849. Plantae fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae. Memoirs of the American Academy. p.110-111.

Cirsium canescens, C. ochrocentrum, C. altissimum

Gray, Asa. 1876. Botany. Vol.1. Geological Survey of California. J.D. Witney, State Geologist, Cambridge, Mass.

Cnicus lanceolatus, C. arvensis, C. drummondii var. acaulescens, C. quercetorum, C. breweri, C. undulatus, C. undulatus var. ochrocentrus, C. arizonicus, C. andersonii, C. occidentalis, C. andrewsii, C. californicus, C. edulis, C. remotifolius, and C. carlinoides var. americanus.

Gray, Asa. 1894. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15(1863):68-69.

Cirsium acaule var. americanum, C. edule, and C. drummondii.

Gleason, Henry A. 1952. 104. Cirsium [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Dict. Abr. Ed. 4 1754. in The New Britton and Brown: Illustrated Flora of the Northern U.S. pp. 548-555

Cirsium lanceolatum, C. altissimum, C. discolor, C. virginianum, C. pitcheri, C. undulatum, C. plattense, C. flodmani, C. ochrocentrum, C. nebraskense, C. odoratum, C. hillii, C. horridulum, C. muticum, C. arvense, C. palustre.

Greene, Edward. 1902. New northwestern plants. The Ottawa Naturalist. 16(2): 38

Carduus macounii.

Greene, Edward. 1898. New compositae from New Mexico. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 25(3): 123.

Carduus perennans.

Greene, Edward. 1897. Miscellaneous new species. Bulletin of California Academy of Sciences. II. 6:151-152.

Cnicus fontinalis

Greene, Edward. 1897. Flora Franciscana. pp.476-480.

Carduus fontinalis, C. remotifolius, C. callilepis, C. amplifolius, C. crassicaulis, C. edulis, C. californicus, C. andersonii, C. andrewsii, C. candidissimus, C. venustrus, C. occidentalis, C. hydrophilus, C. inamoenus, C. drummondii, C. validus, C. cymosus, C. breweri, C. quercetroum, and C. lanceolatum

Greene, Edward. 1896. New or noteworthy species. Pittonia 3:26.

Carduus nevadensis

Greene, Edward. 1893. Eclogae botanicae, No. 1. New or Noteworthy Thistles. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp.357-364.

Carduus crassicaulis, C. callilepis, C. hydrophilus, C. candidissimus, C. venustus, C. undulatum, C. undulatum var. douglasii, C. undulatum var. megacephalus, C. undulatum var. nevadensis, C. mohavensis, C. rusbyi, C. bernardinus, C. americanus, C. parryi, C. scopulorum, C. edulis, C. neo-mexicanum, C. andersonii, C. arizonicus, C. rothrockii, C. quercetorum, C. fontinalis, C. amplifolia, C. grahami, C. ochrocentrus, C. breweri, C. rhapilepis, c. acantholepis, C. mexicanus, C. heterolepis, C. linearifolius, C. velatus, C. pringlei, C. excelsior, C. potosinus.

Heller, A.A. 1907. A new name. Muhlenbergia 3: 134.

Carduus longissimus

Heller, A.A. 1906. [problem: need title] Muhlenbergia 2:160.

Carduus brownii.

Heller, A.A. 1904. Western species, new and old. II. Muhlenbergia 1(4):61-62

Carduus vaseyi

Heller, A.A. 1898. North American Plants North of Mexico. 133-134.

Carduus altissimus, C. americanus, C. amplifolius, C. andersonii, C. andrewsii, C. arizonicus, C. arvensis, C. bernardinus, C. breweri, C. californicus, C. callilepis, C. candidissimus, C. crassicaulis, C. crispus, C. cymosus, C. discolor, C. drummondii, C. drummondii acaulescens, C. edulis, C. foliosus, C. fontinalis, C. grahami, C. hallii, C. hillii, C. hookerianus, C. hydrophilus, C. inamoenus, C. lanceolatus, C. lecontei, C. leiocephalus, C. mohavensis, C. muticus, C. neo-mexicanus, C. nevadensis, C. nutans, C. nuttallii, C. occidentalis, C. ochrocentrus, C. odoratus, C. parryi, C. pitcheri, C. plattensis, C. quercetorum, C. remotifolius, C. repandus, C. rothrockii, C. rusbyi, C. scariosus, C. scopulorum, C. spinosissimus, C. undulatus, C. undulatus canescens, C. undulatus douglasii, C megacephalus, C. megacephalus nevadensis, C. validus, C. venustus, C. virginianus, C. wheeleri, C. wrightii.

Henderson, L.F. 1900. New plants from the northwest. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 27:348.

Cirsium undulatum ciliolatum

Henderson, L.F. 1939. A new thistle from Oregon. Madroño 5:97-98.

Cirsium peckii

Hill, E.J. 1910. The pasture-thistles, east and west. Rhodora 12:211-214.

Cirsium pumilum, Cirsium hillii

Hill, Johanne. 1769. Herbarium britannicum. Vol.1:80-81.

Cursium lanceolatum, C. montanum, C. helenoides

Hooker, William Jackson. 1833. Compositae. In Flora Boreali-Americana. pp.301-301

Carduus lanceolatus, C. discolor, C. arvensis, C. muticus, C. pumilus, C. foliosus.

Howell, John Thomas. New varieties of western plants - II. Leaflets of Western Botany. II(5):71.

Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense

Howell, John Thomas. 1943. Sertulum Greeneanum: III. Studies in Cirsium. American Midland Naturalist 30:29-39.

Cirsium edule, Cirsium macounii, Carduus undulatus var. nevadensis, Carduus inamoenus, Cnicus breweri vasey, Cirsium vaseyi, Cirsium triacanthum, Cirsium cymosum.

Howell, John Thomas. 1959. Studies in Cirsium II. Leaflets of Western Botany. 9(1):9-15

Cirsium botrys, C. ciliolatum, C. callilepis, C. callilepis var. oregonense, C. callilepis var. pseudocarlinoides, C. hydrophyllum var. vaseyi, C. douglasii, C. douglasii var. canescens, C. utahense, C proteanum, C. occidentale, C. coulteri.

Howell, John Thomas. 1959(b). Distributional data on weedy thistles in western North America. Leaflets of Western Botany. 9:17-32.

Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare, C. scabrum, C. ochrocentrum, C. undulatum.

Hsi, Yu-tseng. 1960. Taxonomy, distribution and relationships of the species of Cirsium belonging to the series Undulata. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Cirsium undulatum var. undulatum, C. undulatum var. townsendii, C. undulatum var. angustifolium, C. tracyi, C. flodmanii, C. brevifolium, C. wheeleri, C. macrocarpum, C. durangenese, C. ochrocentrum, C. canescens, C. pitcheri, C. canovirens, C. velatum, [excluded species] C. perplexans, C. englemannii, C. helleri, C. pulcherrimum.

Jepson, W.L. 1901. A flora of western middle California. Encia Publishing Co., Berkeley, Calif.

Cirsium lanceolatum, C. fontinale, C. edule, C. andrewsii, C. crassicaule, C. hydrophilum, C. quercetorum, C. callilepe [sic], C. remotifolium, C. californicum, C. coulteri, C. occidentale

Jepson, W.L. 1925. Manual of Flowering Plants of California. [problem: need rest of ref.]

Cirsium lanceolaatum, C. fontinale, C. maritimum, C. andrewsii, C. crassicaule, C. edule, C. remotifolium, C. americanum, C. quercetorum, C. drummondii, C. acaulescens, C. vaseyi, C. breweri, C. mohavense, C. californicum, C. ochrocentrum, C. andersonii, C. occidentale, C. arvense.

Lepage, Ernest. 1962. Notules botaniques. Le Naturaliste canadien. 89(2):79.

Cirsium arvensis f. rubricaule.

Linnaeus, Carl. 1754. Genera Plantarum. 5th ed. p.356-361. 1960 facimle. H.R. Engelmann (J.Cramer) and Wheldon & Wesley, LTD, Weinheim, Germany.

Serrulata, Carduus, Cnicus.

Linnaeus, Carl. 1753. Species Plantarum.

Serrulata tinctoria, S. praealta, S. alpina, S. cynoglossifolia, S. lapatifolia, S. angustifolis, S. salicifolia, S. multiflora, S. noveboracense, S. glauca, S. squarrosa, S. scariola, S. spicata, S. chamaspeuce, S. amara, S. centauroides, S. arvensis.

Long, R.W. 1970. Southern Florida. Rhodora. 72:44-45. [problem: title incomplete]

Cirsium horridulum var. horridulum, C. horridulum var. vittatum.

Lunell, J. 1912. Cirsium in North Dakota. American Midland Naturalist 2:301-302.

Cirsium nebraskense, C. nebraskense var. discissum, C. muticum.

Macbride. New or otherwise interesting plants. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium. NS 57:19-22. 1918.

Cirsium praeteriens, C. nelsoni, C. magnificum, Cirsium drummondii var. acaulescens, C. occidentale var. candidissimum.

Moldenke, Harold N. 1973. Notes on new and noteworthy plants LX. Phytologia 26:224

Cirsium horridulum f. atropurpureum

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1969. Cytotaxonomy of some Cirsium species of the eastern United States, with a key to eastern species. Canadian Journal of Botany 47:1257-1275.

Cirsium horridulum, C. nuttallii, C. repandum, C. lecontei, C. muticum, C. altissimum, C. discolor, C. texanum, C. virginianum, C. iowense.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1966. An evaluation of the status of Cirsium pumilum and Cirsium hillii. Canadian Journal of Botany. 44:581-595.

Cirsium pumilum, C. hillii

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1974. The Cirsium arizonicum complex of the southwestern United States. Canadian Journal of Botany 52:543-551.

Cirsium arizonicum, C. bipinnatum, C. calcareum, C. diffusum, C. nidulum, C. pulchellum, C. rothrockii, C. truncatus, and C. turneri, C. chuskayense, C. chellyense, C. navajoense.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1961. Cytotaxonomy, phylogeny, and Canadian distribution of Cirsium undulatum and Cirsium flodmanii. Canadian Journal of Botany 39:21-33.

Cirsium undulatum, C. flodmanii.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1967. Cytotaxonomy of foliose thistles (Cirsium spp. aff. C. foliosum) of western North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 45:1733-1749.

Cirsium drummondii, C. pumilum ssp. pumilum, C. pumilum ssp. hillii, C. foliosum, C. acaulescens, C. congdonii, C. coloradense, C. scariosum, C. lacerum, C. subsimplex, C. erosum and other hybrids.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1964. A clarification of Cirsium foliosum and Cirsium drummondii. Canadian Journal of Botany.42:452-461

Cirsium foliosum, C. drummondii.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1962. Cytotaxonomy of Cirsium muticum, Cirsium discolor, and Cirsium altissimum. Canadian Journal of Botany 41:73-84.

Cirsium muticum, Cirsium discolor, and Cirsium altissimum.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1965. Cytotaxonomy of Cirsium hookerianum and related species. Canadian Journal of Botany. 43:597-613.

Cirsium hookerianum, C. polyphyllum, C. tweedyii, C. scopulorum, C. eatonii, C. hesperium, C. clavatum.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1962. Cytotaxonomic studies in the Tribe Cynareae (Compositae). Canadian Journal of Botany 40:281-293.

Cirsium acaule, C. arachnoideum, C. arvense var. mite, C. arvense f. albiflorum, C. canum, C. eriophorum var. oxyonychium, C. eriophorum ssp. vulgare (var. platyonychium); C. grumosum, C. heterophyllum, C. obvallatum, C. olearceum, C. palustre, C. pendulum, C. rivulate, C. tricholoma, C. vulgare. [mostly European species, not yet included in list of taxa].

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1962. Cytotaxonomy and Canadian distribution of Cirsium edule and Cirsium brevistylum. Canadian Journal of Botany 40:1187-1196.

Cirsium edule, Cirsium brevistylum, C. macounii

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1963. Cytotaxonomic notes on some Cirsium species of the Western United States. Canadian Journal of Botany. 41:1553-1567.

C. brevifolium, C. canescens, C. canovirens, C. pitcheri, C. tracyi, C. wheeleri, C. mohavense, C. californicum, C. occidentale, C. proteanum, C. clokeyi, C. centaureae, C. loncholepis, C. longistylum, C. parryi, C. peckii, C. pulcherrimum, C. fontinale.

Moore R. J. & C. Frankton. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:1033-1048.

Cirsium arvense, C. arvense var. vestitum, C. arvense var. integrifolium, C. arvense var. arvense, C. arvense var. horridulum,

Nuttall, Thomas. 1840. Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural order of the Compositae, collected in a tour across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and upper California, during the years 1834 and 1835. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. pp. 418-421.

Carduus occidentalis, Cirsium hookerianum, C. douglasii, C. stenolepidum, C. canescens, C. edule, C. scariosum, C. megacanthum, C. brevifolium. (spelled "Circium")

Nelson, Aven. 1938. [problem: title missing] Amer. Journal of Bot. 25:118.

Cirsium arcuum

Ownbey, Gerald B. 1968. Cytotaxonomic notes on eleven species of Cirsium native to Mexico. Brittonia 20:336-342.

Cirsium nivale, C. jorullense, C. durangense, C. ochrocentrum, C. undulatum, C. velatum, C. mexicanum, C. rhaphilepis, C. occidentalis subsp. acrolepis, C. conspicuum, C. ehrenbergii.

Ownbey, Gerald B. 1982. A study of four species of Cirsium native to Mexico. Phytologia. 50(5):317-326.

Cirsium acrolepis, C. pinetorum, C. subuliforme, C. acantholepis.

Ownbey, Gerald B. and Yu-Tseng Hsi. 1963. Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium. Rhodora 65:339-354.

Cirsium mexicanum, C. drummondii, C. foliosum, C. hillii, C. pumilum, C. altissimum, C. discolor, C. brevifolium, C. canescens, C. flodmanii, C. ochrocentrum, C. pitcheri, C. subniveum, C. tracyii, C. undulatum, C. wheeleri.

Ownbey, Gerald B. and Yu-Tseng Hsi. 1969. Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium. II. Western United States. Madroño. 20:225-228.

Cirsium acanthodontum, C. rydbergii, C. brevistylum, C. scopulorum, C. tweedyi, C. coloradense, C. scariosum, C. tioganum, C. canescens, C. ochrocentrum, C. undulatum, C. subniveum, C. utahense, C. wallowense, C. californicum, C. occidentale, C. pastoris, C. arizonicum.

Ownbey, Gerald B. and Donald J. Pinkava. 1980. Cirsium coahuilense (Asteraceae), a new species from northern Mexico. Systematic Botany 5(3):326-328.

Cirsium coahuilense

Ownbey, Gerald B., Peter H. Raven, and Donald W. Kyhos. 1975. Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium III. Western United States, Mexico, and Guatemala. Brittonia 27(4):297-304.

Cirsium rhothophilum, C. brevistylum, C. andrewsii, C. crassicaule, C. loncholepis, C. quercetorum, C. scariosum, C. skutchii, C. tioganum, C. horridulum, C. vitatum, C. ochrocentrum, C. tracyi, C. undulatum, C. pascuarense, C. jorullense, C. mexicanum, C. douglasii var. canescens, C. hydrophilum, C. hydrophilum var. vaseyi, C. neomexicanum, C. utahense, C. mohavense, C. californicum, C. canovirens, C. cymosum, C. occidentale, C. pastoris, C. proteanum, C. acantholepis, C. radians, C radians x skutchii, C. grahamii, C. nigriceps, C. andersonii, C. anartiolepis, C. subcoriaceum.

Petrak, F. 1911. Beiträge zur Kenntis der mexicanishen und zentral-amerikanischen Cirsien. Botanisk Tidsskrift 31:57-72.

Cirsium acantholepis, C. acantholepis var heterolepis, C. cernuum, C. horridulum ssp. chrismarii, C. conspicuum, C. costaricense, C. jorullense, C. jorullense ssp. enjourllense, C. jorullense var. pilosum, C. jorullense var. glabrescens, C. jorullense ssp. lanosum, C. lappoides, C. limophilum, C. liebmannii, C. mexicanum, C. orizabense, C. pinnatisectum, C. reglense, C. subcoriaceum, C. anartiolepis, C. occidentale, C. occidentale ssp. acrolepis, C. wheeleri.

Petrak, F. 1917. Die nordamericanischen Arten der Gattung Cirsium. Beih. Bot. Cbl. 35(2):223-567. [problem: date is given as 1916 in journal index]

Cirsium cernuum, C. maritimum, C. fontinale, C. lomatolepis, C. toulcanum, C. imbricatum, C. remotifolium, C. americanum, C. callilepis, C. rydbergii, C. edule, C. lappoides, C. mexicanum, C. costaricense, C. parryi, C. pallidum, C. jorullense, C. liebmanni, C. amplifolium, C. oreophilum, C. crassicaule, C. scopulorum, C. hesperium, C. eatoni, C. drummondii, C. quercetorum, C. coloradense, C. scariosum, C. acaule, C. esculentum, C. odoratum, C. horridulum, C. chrismarii, C. nuttallii, C. repandum, C. lecontei, C. muticum, C. altissimum, C. discolor, C. walkerianum, C. plattense, C. megacephalum, C. tracyi, C. canescens, C. ochrocentrum, C. pitcheri, C. perplexans, C. pringlei, C. velatum, C. rhaphilepis, C. wrightii, C. texanum, C. virginianum,, C. excelsium, C. reglense, C. montigenum, C. hydrophilum, C. breweri, C. novo-mexicanum, C. utahense, C. mohavense, C. californicum, C. triacanthum, C. botrys, C. occidentale, C. orizabense, C. radians, C. acantholepis, C. arizonicum, C. rothrockii, C. pulchellum, C. andersonii, C. subcoriaceum, C. conspicuum, C. pinnatisectum, C. anartiolepis.

Petrak, F. 1964. Notizen zur Orient-Flora 70-73: Der Formenkreis des Cirsium strigosum. In Sitzung der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse vom 10 Dezember 1964. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 15:1-9.

Cirsium strigosum, C. rigidum, C. karduchorum, C. iranicum.

Petrak, Franz. [problem: need date]. Öber einige Arten und Bastarde der Gattung Cirsium. Einzein nicht im Buchhandel Uberreicht vom Vergasser. :13-41 [problem: need most all the data on this one]

Cirsium epiroticum, C. pubigerum, C. pubigerum var. foliosum, C. pubigerum var. spinosum, C. pubigerum var. caniforme, C. pubigerum var. elbrusense, C. albowianum,,C. hygrophilum; C. leucopis, C. uliginosum, C. pseudopersonata, C. sundquistii, C. moravicum, C. bohemicum [problem: these taxa not put into taxa list, these and the 1964 paper are all Middle Eastern species].

Porter, Thomas C. 1894. [problem: need title] Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 5:345.

Carduus altissimus, C. arvensis, C. crispus, C. discolor, C. hillii, C. lanceolatus, C. muticus, C. nutans, C. ochrocentrus, C. odoratus, C. pitcheri, C. spinosissimus, C. spinosissimus Elliottii, C. undulatus, C. undulatus canescens, c. undulatus megacephalus, C. virginianus.

Pursh [problem: need full name] 1814. Flora Americana Septentrionalis. p.506-507.

Cnicus lanceolatus, C. altissimus, C. arvensis, C. muticus, C. virginanus, C. horridulus, Carduus pectinatus.

Robinson, B.L. 1911. Notes on the genus Cirsium. Rhodora 13(154):238-240.

Cirsium spinosissimum, C. americanum, C, eatoni, C. plattense.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1895. [problem:need title] Contrib. Nat. Herb. III(3):166-167.

Carduus plattensis.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1900. Catalog of the Flora of Montana. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1:448-451.

Carduus arvensis, C. hookerianus, C. tweedyi, C. kelseyi, C. hallii, C. scariosus, C. canovirens, C. undulatus, C. flodmanii.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1901. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 28:506-511.

Carduus centaurea, C. erosus, C. americanus, C. acaulescens, C. oreophilus, C. griseus, C. pulcherrimus, C. oblanceolatus.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1905. Rocky Mountain Flora. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 32:131-133.

Carduus osterhoutii, C. perplexans, C. coloradense, C. floccosus, C. tracyi.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1910. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora XXIV. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 37:541-557.

Carduus polyphyllus, C. butleri, C. lacerus, C. olivescens, C. americanus x griseus, C. americanus x spathulatus, C. americanus x coloradensis, C. acaulescens x americanus, C. acaulescens x coloradensis, C. acaulescens x scopulorum, C. griseus x laterifolius, C. griseus x scopulorum, C. griseus x parryi, C. oreophilus x scopulorum, C. coloradensis x undulatus, C. filipendulus x ochrocentrus, C. flodmanii x megacephalus, C. plattensis x undulatus, C. megacephalus x ochrocentrus, C. foliosus x scopulorum, C. butleri x kelseyi, C. eatoni x olivescens, C. puchellus x undulatus,

Savi, Gaetano. 1798. Flora Pisana. Tomo Secondo. 240-241.

Carduus vulgaris

Schaack, C.G. & Gregory A. Goodwin. [problem: only have "in press mss", no date or source] A new subspecies of Cirsium [Asteraceae: Cynareae] from the Mogollon Escarpment, Arizona.

Cirsium parryi, C. parryi subsp. mogollonicum, C. gilense, C. inornatum, C. pallidum,

Schumann, K. 1901. Ausgezogen von Neue Arten der Phanerogamen. Just's Botanischer Jahresbericht. 29(1):566. [problem: my records say 1901, but most references are for 1903, need to change all dates on other document from 1901 if it is not correct]

Cirsium centaureae, C. erosum, E. americanum, C. americanum, C. acaulescens, E. eriophilus, C. griseus, C. pulcherrimus, C. oblanceolatus.

Sharsmith, Helen. 1939. A new species of Cirsium from California. Madroño 5:85-90.

Cirsium campylon, C. fontinale

Shinners, [problem: need name]. 1949. Texan compositae. Field and Laboratory 17:27-30.

Cirsium terrae-nigrae, C. texanum.

Shinners, [problem:?]. 1951. Texan Compositae VII. Field and Laboratory 19:81.

Cirsium texanum var. stenolepis.

Smyth, B. B. 1899. Additions to the Flora of Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science 16:158-161.

Carduus megacephalus, C. nebraskensis.

Warnock, Barton H. Cirsium turneri (Compositae), New species from Trans-Pecos Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 5:101-102.

Cirsium turneri.

Welsh, Stanley, L. 1982. New taxa of thistles (Cirsium: Asteraceae) in Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. 42(2):199-202.

Cirsium eatonii, C. eatonii var. murdockii, C. eatonii var. harrisonii, C. eatonii var. eatonii, C. ownbeyi, C. scariosum var thorneae, C. scariosus var. scariosum, C. virginensis.

Wooton, E.O. and Paul C. Standley. 1915. 132. Cirsium. Flora of New Mexico. Contributions from the National Herbarium 19:749-753.

Cirsium vinaceum, C. acaulescens, C. pallidum, C. inornatum, C. gilense, C. neomexicanum, C. arizonicum, C. pulchellum, C. wheeleri, C. coloradense, C. grahami, C. wrightii, C. calcareum, C. perennans, C. undulatum, C. megacephalum, C. ochrocentrum.

Wooton, E.O. and Paul C. Standley. New Plants from New Mexico. Contributions from the National Herbarium 16:195-196.

Carduus gilensis, C. inornatus, C. pallidus, C. vinaceus