Nomenclatural Database for American species of Cirsium

Edited by Patricia Barlow-Irick, Ph.D.

This database is a work-in-progress. If you study this document you will see individual taxa listed as both valid taxa and synonyms, you will see individual specimens listed as types for multiple taxa. You will find all kinds of strange convolutions. This represents the ambiguity surrounding thistles. We have to do something about this if we can. You can help. Find solutions, find missing types, figure out whose taxonomy makes the best sense. Notify me of errors, omissions, and nomenclatural conundrums in need of annotation. This is too big to do independently, we are going to have to work together.

To find a taxon, please use the "find function" of your browser.

General form for listings. Synonyms are given in ascending date order in groups based on individual type specimens.
Specific epithet, author
CITATION: Reference
TYPE: listed with the basionym (so it might be under a synonym).
SYNONYMS:

synonym var. vvv author
CITATION:
TYPE: TYPE location (HT=Location of Holotype)

Cirsium acanthodontum Blake
CITATION: Contrib. Gray Herb., N.Ser. 53:28. 1918
TYPE: Nelson 1505, 25 June 1917, Oregon, Curry Co. 6.4mi n/Agness (HT:GH)
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium remotifolium var. rivulare Jepson
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1164. 1925.
TYPE: ??
Cirsium oregonum Piper
CITATION:Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 32:43. 1919
TYPE: M. E. Peck 4839 30 June 1913, Grant's Pass Oregon ()

Cirsium acantholepis (Hemsl.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2): 211. 1910.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus acantholepis, (Hemls.) Green
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:363. 1893.
Cnicus acantholepis, Hemls.
CITATION: Biol. Cent. Amer., Bot. 2:251. 1881-1882.
TYPE: M. Bourgeau 714, 17 Août, 1865-1866, Vallée de México, Santa Fe, State of México, México (HT:K; Color transparencies of type MIN, MSU).

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium acantholepis var. heterolepis, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2): 212. 1910.
TYPE: Pringle 3237, 31 August 1890, Calcareous bluffs, Flor de María, State of México, México (HT:B?; Isotypes: MICH, MIN, MO, MSU, US, NY.)
NOTES: Ownbey (1982) says, "Not Cirsium heterolepis, Benth., Plantae Hartwegianae, p. 87, 1839-42 = Cirsium subcoriaceum, (Less.) Schz. Bip.; not Carduus heterolepis, Greene, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phia. 1892:363, = Cirsium anartiolepis, Petrak.
Cirsium acantholepis var. pinetorum Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2): 212. 1910.
SYNONOMY:
- Cirsium pinetorum, Greenman
  CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. (1905-1906) 1906, XLI, p. 267.
  TYPE: C. G. Pringle 8884 , 15 Sep 1904, Mexico. Puebla: Pine forests, Honey Station [US]

Cirsium acaulescens (A. Gray) K. Sch.
CITATION: Just's Bot. Jahresber. 29(1):566. 1901. [problem: 1903?]
NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1967) retain this as a valid species listing much of Cirsium drummondii var. acaulescens and C. scariosum as synonyms.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium drummondii var. acaulescens, (Gray) MacBri.
CITATION: Cont. Gray Herb. In ser. 53, 22. 1918.
Carduus acaulescens, (Gray) Rydb.
CITATION: Torry Bot. Club 28:508. 1901
Cirsium brownii Eastwood ex Heller nomen nudum?
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 2:160. 1906.
TYPE: Brown 577, 1-15 June 1897, California, north side of Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co. [US]
NOTE: This according to Moore & Frankton, 1967.

Cirsium tioganum, (Congdon) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2): 560. 1917.
TYPE: ?
NOTE: This according to Moore & Frankton, 1967.
Cnicus tioganus, Congdon
CITATION: Erythea 7, 186 (1899) 1900.
TYPE: Congdon s. n., 16 Aug. 1894, Bloody Canyong, Mono Co. (MIN, GH)

Cirsium monensis Congdon
CITATION: ?
TYPE: ?

NOTE: I believe this is a form common to populations of C. scariosum or C. coloradense if they are indeed separate taxa. PB.

Cirsium acrolepis, (Petrak) G.Ownbey
CITATION: Phytologia 50:317. 1982.
SYNONYM:

Cirsium occidentale subsp. acrolepis, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31: 66. 1911.
TYPE: W. Schumann 163c, Aug. 1887, Mexico, State of Guanajuato, Jaral (HT: JE; isotype USNH)

Cirsium altissimum, (L.) Spreng.
CITATION: Syst. Veg. 3:373. 1828. [problem: Porter says 1826]
NOTES: Pursh (1814) attributes this to Gron. fl. virg. 117.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus altissimus Willd.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 3: 1671. 1804.
Carduus altissimus L.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 824. 1753.
TYPE: ?

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium altissimum var. biltmoreanum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl.35,(2):401, 1917.
TYPE: Biltmore Herbarium 167b, 3 Sep 1897, U.S. North Carolina [MINN, NY, US]
NOTE: US also has Biltmore 167.
Cirsium altissimum var. filipendulus, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:57. 1883.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium filipendulum, Engelm.
Cirsium altissimum, subsp. discolor, Petrak
SYNONYMS:
- Cnicus altissimum var. discolor, Gray
  CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:57. 1883.
- Cirsium discolor, (Muhl.) Spreng
  Syst. 3: 373. 1826.
  NOTE: More complete record under Cirsium discolor.

Cirsium amblylepis, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35,(2):401. 1917.
TYPE: Eastwood 1522,29 Aug 1912[?], California, Marin County, Mt. Tamalpais(HT: CAS #168, isotypes: US)

Cirsium anartiolepis, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tiddskr. 31:65, 1911.
TYPE: Pringle 2435,1889, Mexico, Jalisco. Rich canyons of mountains near Lake Chapala (isotypes: NY)

Cirsium andersonii, (Gray) Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tdsskr. 31:68. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus andersonii, Greene
CITATION: Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1892:358. 1893.
Cnicus andersonii, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:44. 1874.
SYNTYPES: "collected in California and w Nevada by Anderson, Torrey, Bolander, etc." Anderson s.n., Torrey, Bolander 1866 [US].

Cirsium andrewsii, (Gray) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Middle Calif., 506. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus andrewsii, (Gray) Greene
CITATION: Fl. Francisc. 480. 1897.
Cnicus andrewsii, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Ameri. Acad. 10:45. 1874.
TYPE: Dr. Andrews, s.n., California

Carduus amplifolia, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Philad. Acad. 1892:363. 1893.
Cnicus amplifolius Greene
CITATION: Pittonia 1:70. 1887.
TYPE: Greene s.n., 10 Jun 1887, California. San Mateo Co.: mountains at Pt. Pietras

Carduus araneosus, Osterhout
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32:612. 1905, non. Steud. 1841.
TYPE: Osterhout 2169, 26 Jun 1900, Colorado. Eagle Co.: Red Cliff
SYNONYMS:

Carduus araneans, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:[problem p. no.] 1910. NOTE: This may never have been transferred to Cirsium. Unclear why Rydb. considers himself as first author.

Cirsium arcuum, A. Nelson
CITATION: Am. Journ. Bot. 25:118. 1938.
TYPE: Aven & Ruth Nelson 1740, May 3, 1935, Apache Trail, near Canyon Lake. (HT:RM, photo at USNH isotypes: NY)
NOTE: Shreve & Wiggins make this a synonym of Cirsium neomexicanum. I concurr.

Cirsium aridum, Dorn
CITATION: Vasc. Pl. Wyoming, 2nd ed. 304. 1992.
TYPE: Dorn 5015, 26 Jul 1990, Wyoming. Fremont Co.: ca. 6 mi N of Sweetwater Station

Cirsium arizonicum, (Gray) Petrak
CITATION: Bot Tidsskr. 31:68. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus arizonicus(Gray) Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 44(1892): 362. 1893.
Cnicus arizonicus, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. Arts, 10:44. 1874.
Cirsium undulatum var. arizonicum Gray
CITATION: Pl. Wrightianae, 2: 101. 1853.
TYPE: Wright 1294, 1851-1852. Between the Barbocomori and Santa Cruz, Sonora (HT: GH; Isotypes: NY, GH photo DAO). Lectotype in effect by R.J. Moore and Frankton, 1974.
NOTE: Keil lists it as Wright 1274.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium arizonicum var. nidulum, (Jones) Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Naturalist 43:248. 1983.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium nidulum, Petrak
  Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):553. 1917.
- Cnicus nidulus, M.E.Jones
  CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 5:705. 1895.
  TYPE: M.E. Jones, 5290a, Paria, Kane Co., Utah. (HT:POM)
NOTES: Cronquist (1994) submerges C. nidulum into C. arizonicum on the basis of finding a unimodal curve in the proportions of the corolla and a lack of discreet boundaries in degree of spininess, but says the group, including C. rothrockii and C. calcareum, needs study.

Cirsium arvense, (L.) Scopoli.
CITATION: Flora Carn. (ed.2) 2:126. 1772.
SYNONYMS:

Breea arvensis, Lessd
CITATION: Syn. Gen. Compos. 19. 1832.
Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.
CITATION:Deutsch Fl. Ed. 2, I: Part. 2, 130. 1804.
Carduus arvensis Robs.
CITATION: Brit. Fl. 163. 1777.
Serratula arvensisL.
CITATION: Sp.Pl. 820. 1753.
TYPE: "Habitat in Europae in cultis agris:

Cirsium setosum, M. Beib.
CITATION: Fl. Taur.Caucas. 3:560. 1819.
Cnicus setosus, Besser
CITATION: Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac 2:172. 1809.
Serrulata setosa, Willd.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 3:1645. 1803.
TYPE: Silesia. (HT:G)

NOTES: See more synonomy in cf. Hegi, Illus. Flora von Mittel-Europa, 903.1928.
SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium arvense var. horridum, C.Wimm.& Grabowski
CITATION: Fl. Silesiaca II. 92. 1828.
Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium, C.Wimm.& Grabowski
CITATION:?
TYPE: ?
Cirsium arvense var. mite, C.Wimm.& Grabowski
CITATION:?
TYPE: ?
Cirsium arvense var. vestitum, C.Wimm.& Grabowski
CITATION: Fl. Sil. Vratislaviae 3: 1829.
TYPE: ?
Cirsium arvense forma vestitum, Boivin
CITATION: Naturaliste Canad. 89:79. 1962.
TYPE: Dutilly & Lepage 38225, 30 Jul 1960, Canada. Ontario: Pagwa (this according to Keil)
Cirsium arvense f. rubricaule, Lepage
CITATION: Nat. Canad. 89:79. 1962.
TYPE: Dutilly & Lepage 38225, 30 Jul 1960, Canada. Ontario: Pagwa
Cirsium arvense f. , House
[problem: epithet missing]
CITATION: Bull. NY State.Mus. 22:243-244. 1923.

Cirsium basasearchense, G.L. Nesom
CITATION: ?
TYPE: (Isotypes: ARIZ)

Cirsium barnebyi, Welsh & Neese,
CITATION: Brittonia 33:296-297. 1981.
TYPE: Welsh 19606, ca. 1 mile from Ignacio, North bank of White River, Uintah Co., Utah.[HT:BRY; Isotypes: MINN, MY]

Cirsium bipinnatum, (Eastw.) Rydb.
CITATION: Rydb., Flora of Rocky Mts. 1010, 1068. 1918
SYNOMYMS:

Cirsium puchellum var. pinnatum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):513. 1917.
Carduus bipinnatus, A. Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:5. 1900.
Cnicus bipinnatus, Eastwood
CITATION: Proc. Cal. Acad.III 1:121.1898.
Cnicus drummondii var. bipinnatus, Eastwood
CITATION: Zoe, 4:8, 1893.
TYPE: Eastwood s.n., Sep. 1892, Johnston Canyon near where it joins the Mancos River, in a locality but rarely visited by white men, SW Colorado (HT:CAS)

NOTE: Also included under Cirsium calcareum.

Cirsium blumeri, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):504. 1917.
SYNTYPES: J.C. Blumer 1395, 1906, Barfoot Park, alt 8,000-8,250 ft., Chiricahua Mts, Cochise Co., Ariz (GH, MIN, MO, NY, US, CAS); J.C. Blumer s.n.,19 Oct 1910, Spud Ranch, Rincon Mountains 6,600 ft., Pima Co., Ariz.(MIN, NY, CAS)
NOTES: Hsi (1960) makes this a synonym of Cirsium wheeleri but only says: "There is no doubt in my mind that Cirsium perennans and C. blumeri are synonyms."
The 1910 and 1906 specimens appear to be quite different from each other - pb.

Cirsium botrys, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):483. 1917.
TYPE: L.E. Smith 397, 25 Jun 1913, California. Siskiyou Co.: Montagne (HT: CAS)

Cirsium brevifolium, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 11. 7:421. 1841. [problem: or 1840?]
TYPE: T. Nuttall s.n., 1834, "In the Rocky Mountain plains", (HT:BM, photo MIN)
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium palousense, Piper
CITATION: Piper & Beattie. Fl. S.E. Wash. 260. 1914.
Carduus palousensis, Piper CITATION: Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 11:610. 1906.
TYPE: Piper 1589, Washington, Whitman Co. [isotypes: MIN, MO, GH, US]

Cirsium brevistylum, Cronq.
CITATION: Leafl. West. Bot. 7:26. 1953.
TYPE: A. A. & E. G. Heller 3963, 27 Jun 1898, Washington. Gray's Harbor Co.: near Montesano (HT: NY; Isotypes: NY, USNH)
NOTES: Abrams & Ferris (1960) says Cirsium edule of authors in large part, not Nutt.

Cirsium breweri, (Gray) Jeps.
CITATION: Jepson, Fl.W. Middle Calif., 507. 1901
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus breweri A. Gray
, CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10:43. 1874
SYNTYPES:
1. California. Mostly in wet ground, Strawberry Valley near Mount Shasta, [1860-1862], W. H. Brewer [1429];
2. Mendocino Co.: [swamps, Ft. Bragg], Bolander [6497] ;
3. [without locality on label], 1868-1869, Kellogg and Harford 557 [US];
4. Humboldt Co.: 1868-1869, Kellogg and Harford 562 [US];
5. Mendocino Co., Red Mt., in damp or very wet springy soils, 2 Jul 1869, Kellogg and Harford 563 [Kellogg 31] [US];
6. Nevada. Near Carson City, [1862], C. L. Anderson [23, 213][US] ;
7. also a somewhat less woolly form, in a canyon of the San Juan Mountains, Monterey Co., Brewer.
Cirsium breweri (A. Gray) Jepson var. wrangelii Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:461
SYNTYPES:
1. California. Prope coloniam Ross, 1834, D. Wrangel s.n. , H.St.P. [LE];
2. Monterey Co.: swamps near Hoyo, Bolander, s.n. , H.F. [CAS];
3. Monterey Co.1: Fort Bragg, 8 Aug 1912, A. Eastwood 1607, H.F. [CAS];
4. Monterey Co.: Castroville, Jun 1903, Co.. A. D. Elmer 4408, H.N.W. [W; US].

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium breweri (A. Gray) Jepson var. canescens Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:462. 1917
LECTOTYPE: [J. T. Howell, Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 11. 1959]: California. Siskiyou Co.: Sisson, 17 Aug 1912, A. Eastwood 1199, H.F. [CAS];
OTHER SYNTYPES:
1. Siskiyou Co.: Sisson, in bushy meadows, ca. 1000 m, 14 Aug 1903, E. B. Copeland in Bakers Pl. Pac. Coast, 3934, H.N.W. [W], H.L. [LAU];
2. Mount Eddy, 30 Aug 1912, A. Eastwood 2085 [LAU].
Cirsium breweri (A. Gray) Jepson var. lanosissimum Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:462
SYNTYPES:
1. California. Lake Co.: near Hullville on the ridge between Eel River and Rice Creek, 2 Aug 1902, A. A. Heller 6011, H.P. [PR2];
2. northern Lake Co.: semiarid section of the inner North Coast Ranges, 40-50 miles from the Pacific Ocean, Lyon's Valley, transition zone, ca. 700 m, 13 Jul 1913, H. M. Hall 9450, H.P. [PR];
3. Sonoma Co.: Santa Rosa Creek, east of Santa Rosa, 2 Jul 1902, A. A. Heller 5804, N.N.W. [W].
4. Nevada. Douglas Co.: Glenbrook, 1940 m, 22 Aug 1902, C.F. Baker 1343, H.N.W. [W], H.L. [LAU; US].
Cirsium breweri A. Gray var. vaseyi A. Gray
CITATION: Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(2):404. 1884-
NOTES: Gray based this taxon on a heterogeneous assortment of four specimens referable to three different taxa -DK.
LECTOTYPE [J. T. Howell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 30: 32, 1943]: California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais, in dry soil exposed to the sun, [1876], G. R. Vasey s.n.
OTHER SYNTYPES:
1. California. Sierra Co., 1874, J. G. Lemmon [referable to C. douglasii var. breweri];
2. Plumas Co., 1876, Mrs. Ames [referable to C. douglasii var. breweri];
3. Suisin Bay, [salt marshes, 8 Aug 1883], E. L. Greene [referable to Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum -isotype of Carduus hydrophilus Greene].

Cirsium calcareum, (M.E.Jones) Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19:752. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus calcareus(M.E. Jones) Hell.
CITATION: Muhlenbergia, 1:5. 1900.
Cnicus calcareus, M.E.Jones
CITATION: Proc. Ca. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2,5:704. 1895. Basionym.
TYPES:
1. Jones 5695bh, July 27, 1894, Bromide Pass, Henry Mts.(Garfield Co.), Utah (Lectotype US, photo DAO).
2. Jones 5696, July 30, 1894, Cainsville (Wayne Co.), Utah (Syntype POM, NY, photo DAO).
Carduus truncatus Greene ex Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Colo. 400, 401. 1906.
TYPE: Baker, Eaton, & Tracy 401. July 8, 1906, on sage plains west of Mancos, southern Colorado (Isotype US, photo DAO).
NOTE: TYPE of Carduus truncatus is not similar to type of Cnicus calcareus

Cirsium pulchellumssp. bipinnatus (Eastw.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):513, 1917.
Cirsium pulchellum var. glabrescens Petrak.
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):511. 1917.
TYPE: Rydberg and Garrett 9335, Aug. 1-2, 1911, Elk Mts. Altitude 2500 m, Utah (US, NY, photo DAO).

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium calcareum var. bipinnatum, (Eastw.) Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Nat. 43:249. 1983

Cirsium bipinnatum(Eatw,) Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Rocky Mts. 1010, 1068, 1917.
Carduus bipinnatus(Eastw.) Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia, 1:5. 1900.
Cnicus bipinnatus Eastw.
CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3,1:121. 1898.
Cnicus drummondii var. bipinnatus Eastw.
CITATION: Zoe, 4:8, 1893.
TYPE: Eastwood s.n., Sept.1892, Johnson Canyon near Mancos River, southwestern Colorado (HT: CAS, Isotype: MINN photo DAO).

Cirsium calcareum var. pulchellum, (Rydb.) Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Nat. 43:249. 1983.

Cirsium pulchellum(Greene) Woot. & Standl.
CITATION: Contri. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19: 752. 1915.
Carduus pulchellus Greene ex Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Colo. 400, 401. 1906.
TYPE: Baker 646, July 13, 1899, Piedra. Southern Colorado (HT: ND, Isotypes US, NMSU, POM, photos DAO)

Cirsium californicum, Gray
CITATION:Pacif. R. Rep. 4:112. 1857.
NOTE: Gray (1874) gives Bot. Whipp. p. 56 as citation.
TYPE: J. M. Bigelow, hillsides, near Knight's Ferry, on the Stanislaus, California (GH, NY)
SYNTYPES: Cooper 529, Near San Diego (GH); Brewer, Santa Clara Co. SYNONYMS:

Cnicus lilacinus, Greene
CITATION: Bull. Calif. Acad. 2:404. 1887.
TYPE: ?
Carduus californicus, Greene
CITATION: Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1892:359. 1893.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Californicum var. bernardinum, (Greene)Petrak

Carduus bernardinus, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Phila. 44(1892): 361-362. 1893.
TYPE: S.B. Parish 1686, 1884, at an altitude of 4,500 feet in Little Bear Valley, of the San Bernardino Mountains, Southern California.
NOTES: Not listed as a synonym by Abrams & Ferris.

C. californicum var. pseudoreglense, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl.35:479. 1917
TYPES: Braunton 416, 1 June 1902, Elysian Park, Los Angeles, California; Lemmon, s. n. , California. Sierra Valley; E. Palmer 201, 7-17 Jun 1875, California. San Diego Co.: Cuyamaca Mts.

Cirsium callilepis (Greene) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Middle Calif. 507. 1901
SYNONYMS:

Carduus callilepsis, Greene
CITATION: Proceeding of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1892:358. 1893.
TYPE: "western California; probably Humboldt Co." (per 1893), but in 1897 Greene locates this taxon to "Mt. Tamalpais and northward, along the coast", lectotypified by Howell (1959) as J.T. Howell 21906, May 19, 1946, Meadows Club on the north side of Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County, Calif. (HT:CAS)
Cirsium americanum var. callilepsis Jepson
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1164. 1925.

VARITIES:

Cirsium callilepis var. oregonense (Petrak) J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leafl. W. Botany 9:10, 1959.
SYNONYM:
- Cirsium remotifolium subsp. oregonense, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):300 (1917)
  TYPE: Cusick 2692, July 22, 1901, Camp Polk, Crook Co., Oregon.
Cirsium callilepis var. pseudocarlinoides, (Petrak) J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leafl. W. Bot. 9:10. 1959.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium remotifolium subsp.pseudocarlinoides, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):297. 1917.
  TYPE: Evelina Cannon, Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co., Calif. (HT: CAS)
  NOTES: Howell (1959) says "Petrak apparently never saw the Bolander collection proposed by Cronquist as lectotype of this subspecies (Vascular Plants Pac. NW. 5:137. 1955)."
- Cirsium remotifolium, Jepson
  CITATION: Flor. West-Middl. Calif. ed.1, p.506. 1901.; ed.2, p. 424. 1911. nec DC
- Carduus americanus, Greene.
  CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:362. 1893.
- Cnicus echinus, O. Kuntze.
  CITATION: Rev. gen. plant. I, p. 328 1891. excl. syn. plur. et quoad plant.americ.
- Cnicus americanus, Gray.
  CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:56. 1883.
  NOTES: also: Coulter, Man. Bot. Rocky Mount. Reg., p.212. 1885.
  III) also: Gray, Syn.Fl. North.Amer. II, p. 398. 1886.
- Cnicus carlinoides Schrank var. americanus, Gray
  CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. X,p.48 (1874) (in Petrak,1917) Geol. Surv. Calif. Bot.1, p.419 (1876) p.p. 420; excl.loc. Colorado. (Petrak, 1917); excl. syn.
  TYPE: Hall & Harbour 342, Colorado Territory: Rocky Mts. [HT:GH; USNH]
  SYNTYPES: E.L. Greene Rocky Mountains; Samuels; Bolander western part of California; Kellogg, California
  NOTES: See Gray's comments about Cirsium scariosum being similar to the Kellogg collection
- Echenais carlinoides var. nutans, Gray.
  CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863:69. 1863.

Cirsium campylon , H. K. Sharsmith
CITATION: Madroño 5:85-90. Fig.1. 1939.
TYPE: H.K. Sharsmith 3761 May 24, 1936, In a dense colony along margins of El Puerto Creek near its junction with Adobe Creek, Arroyo del Puerto, Red Mountains, Mount Hamiliton Range of the South Coast Ranges, Stanislaus County, California. (HT:Univ. Calif.; isotypes: GH, Kew)

Cirsium canescens , Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.7:420. 1841.
TYPE: Nuttall s.n., 1834, "Arid plains of upper Platte".(HT:BM; photo: MIN)
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium lettermanii, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(3):432. 1917. nomen nudum in syn.

Cirsium plattense, (Rydb.) Cock. ex Daniels
CITATION: Univ. Mo. Stud. Sci. Ser. 2(2):254. 1911; Britton, Britton & Brown Ill Fl. ed. 3 3:551. 1913.
Cnicus plattensis, (Rydb.) Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. pl. 30. 1901.
Carduus plattense, Rydb.
CITATION:Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 167. 1895.
TYPE: Rydberg 1356, 1893, near Plummer ford, Dismal River, Thomas County, Nebraska (HT:NY, isotype:US; photo:MIN)

Cnicus plattensis var. spinosior, (Rydb.) Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. pl. 30. 1901.
Carduus plattensis var. spinosior, Rydb.
CITATION:Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 3: 167. 1895.
SYNTYPES: Fendler 73, Fort Kearney, Buffalo Co., Nebraska. (GH)

Cirsium nebraskense, Britt.; not C. nebraskense sensu Lunell.
CITATION:Britton & Brown Ill Fl. ed. 3 3:552. 1913.
Carduus nebraskensis, Britt.
CITATION: Britton & Brown. Ill. Fl. 3:487. 1898.
TYPE: Rydberg 110, 1891, Scotts Bluff Co., Nebraska. (HT:NY)

Cirsium nelsoni, (Pammel) Petrak.
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(3):552. 1917.
Cirsium nelsoni, (Pammel) Macbr.
CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. 57:21. 1918.
Cirsium nelsoni, (Pammel) Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Rocky Mts., 1012. 1917.
Carduus nelsonii, (Pammel) Nels.
CITATION:New Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 586. 1909.
Cnicus nelsonii, Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 8:235. 1901.
TYPE: A. Nelson 8093, 1900, Albany Co., Wyoming.

Carduus canescens, (Nutt.) Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Colo. 401. 1906.
Cnicus canescens, (Nutt.) Pammel in part
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 8:233. 1901.
Cnicus undulatus var. canescens, (Nutt.) Gray, in part
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 10:42. 1874.

NOTES: Synonyms per Hsi (1960) and Ownbey (1952).

Cirsium canovirens,(Rydb.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):540. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus canovirens, Rydb.
CITATION: Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:450. 1900.
TYPE: Rydberg & Bessey, 5213 15 July, 1897. Jack Creek Canyon, alt. 7,000 ft., Madison Co., Montana (HT:NY; isotype:US)

Cirsium carolinianum , (Walter) Fernald & Schubert
CITATION: Rhodora 50:229. 1948
SYNONYMS:

Carduus carolinianus, Walt.
CITATION: Fl. Carol. 195. 1788.

Cirsium flaccidum, (Small) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):543. 1917.
Carduus flaccidus, Small.
CITATION: Fl. Se. U.S. 1307(?), 1341. 1903.
TYPE: Carpenter s. n., Louisana

Cirsium centaureae , (Rydb.) K.Shum.
CITATION: Just, Bot. Jahresber. 29 pt1:566. 1903.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium centaureae (Rydb.) Cockerell ex Daniels,
CITATION: Univ. Missouri Studies Sci.Ser.2(2):403. 1911
NOTE: This combination was already made in 1903! - see above
Carduus centaureae, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot.Club 28:507. 1901.
TYPE: J.H. Cowen s.n., Colorado: Larimer Co.:[as Laramie Co.] 1895 (HT:NY)
SYNTYPES: C. F. Baker s. n., 1896, 4-mile Hill, Route Co.; Letterman 78, 1865, Penn's Gulch.
NOTES: Rydberg suggested that this might be the same as Cnicus carlinoides var. americanus (but not Cirsium acaule var. americanum) and Cnicus americanus, but says that Carduus americanus is a name already preoccupied.

NOTES: Gardner (1974) lists Cnicus carlinoides Shrank var. americanus A.Gray. and Carduus americanus (A.Gray)Greene and Cirsium americanum (A.Gray) Daniels in synonomy with Cirsium centaureae.

Cirsium cernuum, Lag.
CITATION: Elench. Nov. gen. Et spec. 1816. P. 24; DC. Prodr. 1837. VI p 639.
TYPE: Hartw. 596, Mexico, locis illustribus, frigidissimis montis Toluca alt. Ca. 2500m;
NOTES: Synonomy according to Petrak 1917. This list of types is just a guess!
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus cernuus, Gray
CITATION:Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:44 1874. NOTE: Mentioned in Gray, 1874.
Cnicus nivalis, Kunth
CITATION: Nov. gen. Et spec. 1820. IV. P. 23
TYPE: Linden 1220, Mexico, Veracruz, Mirador alt. Ca. 1000m ;
Lophiolepis nutans, Cass.
CITATION: Dict. XXVII., p. 182, ex DC. l. c.
Cnicus lappaceus, Hort.
CITATION: Hort. Paris. 1821, non Bieb. Ex DC. l. c.
Cirsium nivale, Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Seem. Bot. Voy. "Herald". 1852-1857, p. 312
TYPE: Humb. & Bonp., South Mexico, Toluca, alt. 3400m; Linden 1140, Galeotti 2341, Peak of Orizaba alt ca 400 m.

Cirsium chellyense, Moore & Frankt.
CITATION: Canad. Journ. Bot. 52:547. 1974, Arizona.
TYPES: Norman 680 (DAO) -- Eliane Meyer Norman 680, July 1,1961, Canyon De Chelly National Monument, Apache Co., Arizona, flowers pink, most common species of Cirsium in Canyon. (HT:DAO); Paratype: Delzie Demaree 38404, Sept. 14, 1955, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Apache Co., Arizona, canyon bottom, 2-3 ft. tall; elevation 5800 ft (SMU, photo DAO).

Cirsium chuskaense, Moore & Frankt.
CITATION: Canad. Journ. Bot. 53:548. 1974.
TYPES: HT: Barr, Brewer & Mason 1983, Aug. 5, 1961, along stream near bridge at base of mountain road from Luckachukai to Red Rock over the Chuska Mountains, south side of mountains, Apache Co., Arizona (ARIZ, sheet 141677; photo DAO). Specimen originally determined as Cirsium bipinnatum

Cirsium ciliolatum, (L.Henders.) J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leaf. West Bot. 9(1):9. 1959.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium howellii, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):486. 1917.
TYPE: Thomas Howell, 1887 25 Jul 1887, Rogue River Valley, Oregon.
NOTES: See Howell, 1959 for discussion.
Cirsium botrys, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):483. 1917.
TYPE: Leland E. Smith, Montague, Siskiyou Co., California
NOTES: See Howell, 1959 for discussion. Suggests that type location is mislabeled.

Carduus ciliolatus Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:5. 1900.
Cirsium undulatum var. ciliolatum, Henderson
CITATION: Bull. Torr. Club, 27:348. 1900.
TYPE: Henderson, s.n., 8 July 1886, dry fields near Ashland southern Oregon. [HT:GH, co-type:ORE]

Cirsium clavatum, (M.E.Jones) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):310. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus clavatus, A. Heller,
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:5. 1900.
Cnicus clavatus, M.E.Jones
CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II. 5:704 (706?). 1895.
TYPE: Jones, 5715, 2 Aug. 1894, Fish Lake, Utah. (Siever Co.) In gravel, alt. 10,000 ft. [HT: POM #33098; Isotypes:NY, POM, US]. Lectotypified by Moore & Frankton, 1965.

NOTE: Petrak (1917) and Moore & Frankton (1965) expressed opinions that this is a hybrid. Welsh retains this species. In the field, this looks like a valid taxon - pb.

Cirsium clokeyi, Blake
CITATION: Proc. Bio. Soc. Wash. 51:8. 1938.
TYPE: I. W. Clokey 7456, 6 Aug 1937, Nevada, Clark Co., Charleston Mts.[Isotypes: ARIZ, DAO, CAS, GH, NY, LL, US]

Cirsium coahuilense, Ownbey & Pinkava
CITATION: Syst. Bot. 5(3):326-328. 1980.
TYPE: White 1927, 18-22 July 1939, Coahuila, Cuatro Ciénegas, 732 m (2400 ft) (HT: MICH; Isotype: US)

Cirsium coloradense, (Rydb.) Cockerell ex Daniels
CITATIONS: Cockerell, Univ. Mo. Stud. Sci. Ser. 2:254(402?). 1911.;
Daniels, Fl. Boulder, Colo. and Vicinity. 254. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium tioganum var. coloradoense, Dorn.
CITATION: Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 295. 1988.
Carduus coloradensis, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Club. 32:132. 1905.
TYPE: C.F. Baker 644, 1899, Pagosa Springs, Colorado (HT:NY;Isotype:POM)
SYNTYPES: Baker 592, 1901, Gunnison; Osterhout 2651, 1902, Wolcott

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium coloradensesubsp. acaulescens, (Gray) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centabl. 35(2):370, 1917.
SYNONYMS:
- Cnicus drummondi var. acaulescense, Gray
  CITATION: A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:40. 1874.
  NOTES: See also Cirsium acaulescens
Cirsium coloradense subsp. longissimum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl.(2):371, 1917.
SYNONYMS:
- Carduus longissimus, Heller
  CITATION: Muhlenbergia 3:134. 1907.
  NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1967) say this was a renaming of Carduus americanus, (A. Gray) Rydb.

NOTES: But see Cirsium scariosum as per Cronquist (1994), Moore & Frankton (1967) would put many of these into Cirsium acaulescens.

Cirsium congdonii, R. J. Moore & C. Frankt.
CITATION: Canad. Journ. Bot. 45:1738. 1967.
TYPE: Bacigalupi et al. 8015, 28 July 1961, 3.5 miles nw. of Bridgeport along US HWY 395, elev. 6505ft., Mono Co., Calif. (HT:DAO)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) places this in synonomy with Cirsium scariosum. Moore & Frankton (1967) connect this with Cirsium drummondi sensu Congdon, Erythea 7:186. 1900.

Cirsium consociatum, Blake
CITATION: Brittonia, 2:355, 1937.
TYPE: Skutch 1211, Guatemala. Huehuetenango: Sierra Cuchumatanes, alpine meadow along trail between Huehuenenango and Soloma (Isotype: LL, GH)

Cirsium conspicuum, (Sweet) Schultz Bip.
CITATION: Seem. Bot. Voy. "Herald" 1852-1857, p. 312 1852.
TYPE:
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pyrochros, Less.
CITATION: Linnaea, V. p. 130 1830
TYPE: ?
Cirsium jalapense, Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Litt. Ad cl. Linden ex Seem. l. c. 1852.
TYPE: ?

Cnicus conspicuus, Hemsl.
CITATION: Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1879-1888, II. P. 251
Erythrolaena conspicua, Don
CITATION: Sweet Brith. Flow. Gard. 1823-1829. T. 134.
TYPE: ?

Cirsium costaricense, Petrak
CITATION: Beheift Bot. Centrabl. 27 pt. 2:219, 1910.
TYPE: Polakowsky 64, in locis incultis San Jose
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus costaricensis, Polakowsky
CITATION: Linnaea XLI. P. 581. Nr. 59. 1877.
NOTES: See Klatt in Bull Soc. bot Belg. XXXI. P. 214. 1892.

Cirsium coulteri, Harv. & Gray
CITATION: Mem. Amer. Acad. n. Ser.(Pl. Fendl.) 4:110. 1849. [per Gray, 1874.]
TYPE: Dr. Coulter 367, California. (HT:Dublin; photo USNH)
NOTES: Howell (1959) says the type is referable to typical Cirsium occidentale.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium coulteri var. venustrum, (Greene) Jeps.
CITATION: Man.Fl. Pl. Calif. 1167. 1925.
Cirsium occidentale var. coulteri, Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Midl. Calif. P. 508-509. 1901.

Cirsium crassicaule, (Greene) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Middle Calif., 506. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus crassicaulis, Greene
CITATION: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1892:357-358.
TYPE: none designated;(probably Greene) locality river bottoms of the lower San Joaquin, near Lathrop, California.
NOTE: Jepson surmised that this species was a non-native.

Cirsium cretium var. spinosissimum, Reverchon
CITATION:
TYPE: Reverchon 89, 15 July 1883, Crete, Marais de Platania (DAO)

Cirsium crispus, L.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 821. 1753
NOTES: May be a Carduus. See also Heller 1898 and Porter 1894.

Cirsium cymosum, (Greene) J.T.Howell
CITATION: Am. Midl. Nat. 30:37. 1943.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus cymosus, Greene
CITATION: Fl. Francisc. 480. 1897.
TYPE: Greene s.n., June 20, 1892, Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., Calif. (HT:NDG)
Cirsium triacanthum Petrak
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35: 481. 1917.
TYPE: G.D. Butler 1368, 20 May 1910, Yreka, Siskiyou Co., California.

NOTE: See Howell (1943) for discussion of Cirsium cymosum and Cirsium triacanthum

Cirsium davisii, Cronq.
CITATION: Leafl. West. Bot. 6:46. 1950.
TYPE: R.J. Davis s.n., 8 June 1931, Pocatello, Bannock Co., Idaho. (HT: WS) [Cronquist (1994) says this is a form with pink-purple flowers, common in SE Idaho, but also scattered elsewhere in the range of Cirsium subniveum.

Cirsium discolor, (Muhl.ex Willd.) Spreng.
CITATION: Syst. Veg. 3: 373. 1826.
NOTE: See also Cirsium altissimum.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus discolor Nutt.
CITATION: Gen. 2:130. 1818.
Cnicus discolor Muhl; Willd.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 3:1670. 1804.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium discolor f. albiflorum, (Britt.) House
NY. State Museum Bulletin 243-244:55. 1923.

Cirsium douglasii, DC.
CITATION: Prodr. vi, 643. 1837.
TYPE: Douglas 68. Calif., in 1833 (HT:GH?; photo: USNH)
NOTES: Howell (1959) says that the type is preserved in herb. DeCandolle in Geneva. Furthermore the date of the label is questionable (Leaf. West. Bot. 2:60, footnote), probably 1831 or 1832.
See also Cirsium inamoenus
SYNONYMS:

Carduus undulatus var. nevadensis Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 44(1892): 361. 1893
Carduus undulatus var. douglasii, Greene
TYPE: Greene s.n., 1883, eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, Calif. near Truckee.
CITATION: Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila. 44(1892):360. 1893.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium douglasii var. canescens J.T. Howell
CITATION: Leafl. West. Bot. 9: 11. 1959.
TYPE: Eastwood 1199. Sisson, Siskiyou Co., Calif. Lectotype by J.T. Howell, 1959, p. 11 (CAS)
Cirsium douglasii var. breweri D.J. Keil & C.E. Turner
CITATION: Phytologia 73: 313. 1992.
NOTES: See also Cirsium breweri for more complete record.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium breweri var. canescens Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):462. 1917.
- Cirsium breweri Jepson
  CITATION: Fl. W. Calif. 507. 1901.
- Carduus breweri Greene
  CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 44(1892): 363. 1893.
- Cnicus breweri Gray
  CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. Arts. 10:43. 1874.
  TYPE: Brewer 1429, Strawberry Valley, near Shasta, Calif. (HT:GH)

Cirsium drummondii, Torr.& Gray
CITATION: Flora North Amer.2(3):459. 1843.
TYPE: Richardson s.n.,Canada: "Fort Franklin on the Mackenzie River"(Neotype: Moore and Frankton, 1963: K)
NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1964) suggest that the type of this species should be a Drummond collection from the "Banks of the Saskatchewan and prairies of the Rocky Mountains", but that this specimen has not been located. A photo labled Drummond type is at USNH - pb. GH type database lists a holotype fragment - pb.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium coccinatum,Osterhout
CITATION: Torreya, 34:35, 1934, South Dakota
TYPE: G.E.Osterhout 7826, 12Jul 1932, South Dakota: Black Hills, near Hill City (HT:RM).
Carduus drummondii, Coville
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.4:142. 1893.
Cnicus drummondii, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:40. 1874.
Cirsium pumilus Hooker, nec Nuttall (Cnicus pumilus Nutt)
CITATION: Flor. Bor. Amer. 1:302. 1833.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium drummondii var. acaulescens, Macbr.
CITATION: Contrib. Gray Herb. N.Ser. 53:22, 1918.
NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1967) list this as a synonym of Cirsium acaulescens.
- Cnicus drummondii var. acaulescens, Gray
  CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:40. 1874.
Cirsium drummondii subsp. lanatum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):354, 1917.
TYPE: Eastwood 590, Aug 1907, Yosemite, Mono Pass, Calif.; lectotype by Cronquist, Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 17(5):138. 1955 (CAS)
SYNTYPES: Eastwood 2054a, Aug. 1912, Siskyou Co., Mt. Eddy;
Eastwood 183, 1909, Lake Tahoe region, Sunnyside;
G. Hansen 389, 24 Aug. 1893, Alpine County, Hope Valley, ca. 2400m;
W. C. Cusick 2821, 10 June 1902, Oregon, sands of the Deschutes Valley, Crook County.
VARIETY:
- Cirsium drummondii subsp. lanatum, var. oregonense, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih.. Bot. Centrabl. 35 Ab 2:355, 1917.
  TYPE: Cusick 2703, 26 July 1901, Cold Spring, Crook Co., Oregon (HT:G)
Cirsium drummondii subsp. latisquamum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35 Ab 2:358, 1917.
TYPE: Parish 248, June 1882, San Diego Co., California, San Jacinto Mts. (HT:W; Isotype, US)
Cirsium drummondii subsp. vexans, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35 Ab 2:359, 1917.

Cirsium drummondii var. vexans, Piper
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35, Ab 2:360, 1917.
TYPE: Cusick 2715, Lost Creek, Wagontire Mt., Oregon, 1 Aug. 1901 (HT:G)

NOTES: Cronquist (1994) lists Cirsium scariosum as being misapplied to this taxon and Moore & Frankton (1967) place many of these subspecific taxa as synonyms of Cirsium acaulescens.

Cirsium eatonii , (Gray) B.L. Rob.
CITATION: Rhodora 13:240. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium olivescens Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):307. 1917.
Carduus olivescens Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:544. 1910.
TYPE: Rydberg & Carlton 7450,5 Aug 1905, Aquarius Plateau, Utah. (HT:NY)

Carduus hookerianus eriocephalus (Gray) A. Nels.
CITATION: Coult. & Nels. Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 585. 1909.
Carduus leiocephalus, (Gray) A. Heller
CITATION: Cat. N. Amer. Pl. 7. 1898.
Cnicus eatoni, A. Gray
CITATION: Proc Amer. Acad. Arts 19:56. 1883.
Cirsium eriocephalum var. leiocephalum, D.C.Eaton
CITATION: In King., Rep. U.S. Geol. Explor. 40th Parallel 5:196. 1871.
TYPE: Watson 691, July 1896, Unitahs, Cottonwood Canyon, Utah [HT:YU; isotypes:GH, US, NY]

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium eatonii var. harrisonii, Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Nat. 42(2):200. 1982.
TYPE: Welsh & Henroid 18084 16 Aug. 1978, T28S, R4W, S8, alpine meadow, talus slope, igneous gravel, 3416m elev., Tushar Mts., Piute Co., Utah.(HT:BRY)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) lists this as a synonym of Cirsium eatonii
Cirsium eatonii var. murdockii, Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Nat. 42:200. 1982.
TYPE: Welsh & Neese 19935,2 Aug, 1980, T4N, R5W, S25, 3355m elev., Precambrian quartzite, Yellowstone Canyon, Uinta Mts., Duchesne Co., Utah. (HT:BRY)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) raises this to a species as Cirsium murdockii in Intermountain Flora, p. 404.
Cirsium eatonii var. utahense, (Petrak) Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Nat. 42:200. 1982.

Cirsium edule, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II 7:420. 1841.
TYPE: Nuttall s. n., "The plains of Oregon and the Blue Mountains."
SYNONYMS:

Carduus macounii Greene
CITATION: Ottawa Nat. 16(2):38. 1902.
TYPE: Macoun 26451 & 26452, 13 June 1901. Middle Creek, Chilliwack Valley, B.C. between lat 49° and 49°10' and long 121°25' and 122°. (CAN)
NOTES: See also Cirsium macounii. This species is discussed by Howell (1943) and Moore and Frankton (1962).

Carduus edulis, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:362. 1893.
Cnicus edulis, (Nutt.) Gray
CITATION: 1874.

HYBRIDS:

Cirsium edule x brevistylum
Cirsium x vancouverense, Moore and Frankton
CITATION: Can. J. Bot. 40:1190. 1962
TYPE: E.G. Anderson 987, July 20, 1950, Nanaimo, open woods, scattered plants 6-7 ft high, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.

NOTE: See Cirsium brevistylum.

Cirsium engelmannii, Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Rocky Mts. 1013, 1069. 1917.
TYPE: F. Lindheimer, April 1842. Prairie, Houston, Texas. Lectotypified by Moore & Frankton, 1969. (LT:GH, US-1814965; isolectotype:US)
NOTES: Rydberg supplied this epithet to replace the already occupied filipendulum
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium terrae-nigrae, Shinners
CITATION: Field and Laboratory 17:27-28. 1949.
TYPE: Lloyd H. Shinners 7486, 10 June, 1945, in black clay, common, railroad right-of-way, 51/2 miles east of Bonham, Fannin Co. Texas.
NOTE: Shinner holds that Cirsium filipendulum was a prior homonym from Spain and a nomen nudem.

Carduus filipendulus, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Cl. 35:157. 1906.
Cnicus filipendulus, Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Sci. 8:22. 1901.
Cnicus altissimus var. filipendulus, Gray
CITATION:Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:57. 1883.
Cirsium virginanum var. filipendulum, (Engelm. ex T. & G.)Gray
non Cirsium filipendulum, Lange
CITATION: Man. Ed. 2:233. 1856.
TYPE: F. Lindheimer s.n., Apr 1842, Texas. Houston
Cirsium filipendulum, Engelm. ex T. & G.
CITATION: Fl. N. Amer. 2:458. 1843, pro syn., nec Lange, Pugill. Pl. Hisp. 145, 1861.

Cirsium ehrenbergii, Schultz Bip.
CITATION: Seem. Bot Voy. "Herald" 1852-1857. P.312
SYNONYM:

Cirsium ehrenbergianum, Schz Bip.
CITATION: Ehrenb. Nr. 468.
TYPE: C. Ehrenberg 468, Mexico, Huajalote

Cirsium erisithales L. var. rubrum, Porta
CITATION: ?
TYPE: Porta, July 1893, Austria: Tirolia austral, val vestino. (DAO)

Cirsium fabium, Porta
CITATION: Sched. Fl. Austro-Hung 5:63. 1888.
TYPE: Porta, Aug.-Sept. 1882, Austria: Tirolia australis, val di Ledro, Montis Lomar. (Topotype: DAO)

Cirsium faucium, Petrak
CITATION: Fedde. Rep. Spec. Nov. 58:231, 1955, Mexico
TYPE: Hinton 3250, Mexico, Mexico, Temascaltepec (NY)

Cirsium filipendulum, Lange
CITATION: Pugillus Plantarum 142. 1861.
TYPE: Fontquer & Rothmaler, 3 Aug. 1935, Portugal: Gallaecia, inter Cebreiro et Piedrafita.
NOTE: See also Cirsium englemannii

Cirsium flodmanii, (Rydb.) Arth.
CITATION: Torreya 12:34. 1912.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium flodmanii, (Rydb) Britt.
CITATION: Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, 3:551. 1913.
NOTE: Arthur made this change before Britton & Brown.
Cirsium nebraskense sensu Lunnell var. formidolosum Lunnell
CITATION: Am. Midl. Nat. 3:143. 1913.
TYPE: J.C. Blumer, Sept 1911, Ward Co., N.D.
NOTES: See Hsi, 1960
Cirsium nebraskense sensu Lunnell var. discissum, Lunnell
CITATION: Am. Midl. Nat. 2:301. 1912.
TYPE: Lunell, July 1909, Benson Co., N.D.
NOTES: See Hsi, 1960
Carduus flodmanii, Rydb.
CITATION: Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1:451. 1900.
TYPE: Flodman 879, 1896, from "East Gallatin swamps, alt. 5,000ft., Gallatin Co., Montana" [problem: also have date of 24 July 1894]. (HT:NY; isotypes NY, MIN)

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium flodmanii, f. albiflorum, D.Love
CITATION: Rhodora 55:362, 1953, Manitoba
TYPE: Love 5672 NOTES: Gardner says that because this form has the same geographical distribution as the typical form and continuous variation is seen, he finds no reason to recognize this form.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium oblanceolatum(Rydb.) K.Schum.
  CITATION: Just's Bot. Jahresber. 29(1):566. 1901.
- Carduus oblanceolatus, Rydb.
  CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28:510-511. 1901.
  TYPE: F. Clements 385, 1890 (1896?), Twin Lakes, Colorado (HT: NY?)
- Cirsium flodmanii, f. oblanceolatum (Rydb.) D. Love & Benard
  CITATION: Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 53:450-451, 1959

Cirsium foliosum, (Hook.) D.C.
CITATION: Prodr. 6:654. 1837.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus foliosus, (Hook.) Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:42. 1874.
Carduus foliosus Hook.
CITATION: Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:303. 1833.
TYPE: Thomas Drummond, "Prairies of the Rocky Mountains".
NOTES: Moore and Frankton (1964) write that Thomas Drummond, Assistant Naturalist to the _ond Land Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin during 1825-1827. They surmise the plant was collected in the foothills of western Alberta between 54° and 56° N.

NOTES: Abrams & Ferris put Cirsium drummondii as a synonym of this species. Cronquist (1994) shows this name to be misapplied to Cirsium scariosum.

Cirsium fontinale, (Greene) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Middle Calif., ed.1, p.505. 1901., ed.2, p.422 (1911)
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus fontinalis, Greene

Greene s. n.

Carduus fontinalis, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1892:363 1893.
Greene, Man. Bot. San Franc.Bay p.216. 1894. (2nd reference given by Petrak, 1917)

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense, J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leafl. West. Bot. 2:71. 1938, Calif.
TYPE: Eastwood & Howell, 2218, May 6, 1936, boggy flat near serpentine, Chorro Creek, San Luis Obispo Co., California. [HT:CAS, isotypes: CAS, GH]

Cirsium gilense, Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contri. Nat. Herb. 19:751. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus gilensis, Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:195. 1913.
TYPE: O.B. Metcalfe 377, 4 Aug. 1903, Mogollon Mts. on W. fork of Rio Gila, NM. (HT:USNH; isotypes: MINN)

Cirsium grahami, Gray
CITATION: Pl. Wright (Smiths. Contr.) 2:102. 1853.
TYPE Wright 1296, Sept., low grounds, in valleys between Sonoita and the San Pedro, Sonora. [HT: GH; Isotype: GH, NY]
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium undulatum var. grahami,(Gray) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):27, 1910.
Cnicus undulatus var. grahamii, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10: 43
Carduus grahamii, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892:363, 1893.
Cnicus grahamii A. Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 19:57. 1883.

Cirsium greenei, Petrak
CITATION: Fedde. Rep. Spec. Nov. 9:177, 1911.
TYPES: Karwinski s. n.,Mexico. between Huejutla and Horcasitas, and from Horcasitas to Palmitas [LE]; Palmer 765, Mexico. Coahuila, Parras, [NY]; Pringle 8296, Mexico, Coahuila, Rio Grande Valley, near Diaz. [NY]
NOTES: Ownbey annotated these types "= texanum"

Cirsium griseum, (Rydb.)K. Sch.
CITATION: Just, Bot. Jahresb. 29. pt.1:566. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus griseus, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 28:509. 1901.
TYPE: F. Tweedy 321, 1894, Telluride, Colorado (HT: US)

Cirsium guatemalense, Blake
CITATION: Journ. Wash. Acad.Sci. 24:442, 1934.
TYPE: A. F. Skutch 660,10 Nov 1933, Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Chichauac, edge of oak woods (Isotype: LL, NY)

Cirsium hallii, (Gray) M.E.Jones
CITATION: Bull. Univ. Montana, Biol. Ser. 15:47. 1910.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus hallii, (Gray) Heller
CITATION: Cat. N. Am. Pl. 7. 1898.
Cnicus hallii, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:56. 1883.
TYPE: Hall 310, Oregon (HT:GH); Lemmon s. n., S.W. California, San Bernardino Co.; Mrs. Thompson s. n., S. Utah.
NOTES: Gray 1898 says that Hall 310 "was referred to C. edulis"

Cirsium heldreichii Hal. ssp. euboicum, Petrak
CITATION: ?
TYPE: K. H. Rechinger 18213b, 20 July 1956, Greece: Euboea [isotype: DAO]

Cirsium helenoides, (L.) J.Hill
CITATION: ?

Cirsium helleri, (Small) Cory
CITATION: Rhodora 38:408, 1936.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus helleri, Small
CITATION: Fl. Se. U.S. 1307, 1341. 1903.
TYPE: Heller 1720, Texas: Kerrville

Cirsium hesperium, (Eastw.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):345. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus hookerianus hesperius, (Eastw.) A. Nelson
CITATION: In J.M. Coult. & A. Nelson, New Man. Bot. Cetr. Rocky Mts. 585. 1909.
Carduus hesperius, (Eastw.) A.A. Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:6. 1900.
Cnicus hesperius, Eastwood
CITATION: Calif. Acad. Sci. Proc 3D ser. 1:122.
TYPE: Eastwood s.n., Mt. Hesperus on the Bear Creek Divide above timber line, La Plata Mts, southwestern Colorado, Aug., 1892.(HT:CAS)

Cirsium heterolepis, Benth.
CITATION: Pl. Hartw.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus heterolepis, Green.
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. Philad. 363. 1892.
TYPE: Pringle 2435, 1889, Mexico: Jalisco.
NOTE: Same type as Cirsium anartiolepis
Cnicus heterolepis, ?
NOTE: Mentioned in Gray, 1874.

Cirsium hookerianum, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II 7:418. 1841.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus hookerianus, (Hook.) Heller
CITATION: Cat. N. Am. Pl. 7. 1898.
Cnicus hookerianus, (Nutt.) Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:46. 1874.
Carduus discolor var. β floribus albis Hook.
CITATION: Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:302. 1833.
TYPE: Drummond, Prairies of the Rocky Mountains. (HT:Kew; isotype: Philadelphia))
NOTE: Keil lists Drummond type as "in Artic America"

NOTE: Gray (1874) says "Nuttall founded Cirsium hookerianum wholly upon a Drummondian specimen (communicated by Sir Wm. Hooker to Schweinitz) of the Carduus discolor var. β of the Flora Boreali-Americana." See Cirsium scariosum for C. hookerianum var. scariosum.

Cirsium horridulum, Michx.
CITATION: Fl. Bor. Am. 2:90. 1803.
TYPE: Michx.(?), "in pascuis ruderatisque Carolinae"
SYNONYMS:

Carduus spinosissimus Walt.
CITATION: Fl. Car. 194. 1788, not Cirsium spinosissimum L. Scop.
Cnicus horridulus Pursh.
CITATION: Fl. Am. Sept. 507. 1814.

VARITIES:

Cirsium horridulum var. vittatum, (Small) R.Long
CITATION: Rhodora 72:45. 1970.
SYNONYMS:
- Carduus vittatus, Small
  CITATION: Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 3:439. 1905.
- Cirsium vittatum, Small
  CITATION: Man. Fl. S.E. U.S. 1483. 1933.
Cirsium horridulum f. atropurpureum, Moldenke
CITATION: Phytologia 26:224. 1973.
TYPE: Moldenke 26857, 7 April 1973, Alabama, Clark Co., Atkeison [HT:LL]
Cirsium horridulum subsp. megacephalum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih.. Bot. Centralb. 35:Ab:2:384, 1917.
Cirsium horridulum forma elliottii, (Torr.& Gray) Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora 45:353. 1943.
SYNONYM:
- Cirsium horridulum var. elliottii, Torr.& Gray
- Cnicus horridulus, Ell., not Cirsium horridulum, Michx.
  CITATION: Sk. 2:272. 1822.
Cirsium horridulum ssp. chrismari Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:58, 1911.
TYPE: Karwinsky 1342, 1841-1842, Iter. Mexic.

Cirsium howellii, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centra. 35(2): 486. 1917.
TYPE: T. J. Howell s. n., 25 July 1887, USA: Oregon.

Cirsium hydrophilum, (Greene) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Mid. Calif. 507. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium vaseyi var. hydrophilum Jeps.
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1165. 1925.
NOTES: Howell (1959) says this is an erroneously formed name.
Carduus hydrophilus, Greene
CITATION: Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila. 1892:358. 1893.
TYPE: Greene s. n.California, Solano Co., Suisun Marshes

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium hydrophilum var. vaseyi, (Gray) J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leaf. West. Bot. 9:11. 1959. SYNONYM:
- Cirsium vaseyi, (Gray) Jepson
  CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1165. 1925.
- Cirsium montigenum, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):454. 1917.
  TYPE: A. Eastwood 1556, 3 Aug 1912, California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais
- Cnicus breweri var. vaseyi, A.Gray
  CITATION: Syn. Fl. 1(2):404. 1884.
NOTE: This according to Howell (1959), but see also Cirsium vaseyi.

Cirsium imbricatum, (Robinson & Greenm.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih.. Bot. Centralb. 27 pt 2:223, 1910.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus imbricatus, Robinson & Greenm.
CITATION: J. Sci. Ser. 3, 50: 159. 1895.
TYPE: Pringle 6006, Nov. 1894, Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Clavellinas, 9000ft.

Cirsium inamoenus, (Greene) Heller
CITATION: Cat. N. Amer. Pl. 7. 1898.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus inamoenus, Greene.
CITATION: Flora Franciscana. 479. 1897
TYPE: E. L. Greene s.n., Aug 1883, California. Near Truckee; E. L. Greene s.n., Aug 1883, California. E of Truckee or near that place.
NOTES: Greene writes: "It is also my C. undulatus nevadensis". See also C. vaseyi. Howell (Am. Mid. Nat. p.31-33) says that he believes this to represent a hybrid between Cirsium breweri and Cirsium triacanthum.

Cirsium inornatum, Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contri. Nat. Herb. 19:751. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus inornatus, Wooton & Standl.

Wooton s.n.

Cirsium iowense, Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora 10:94, 1908.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus iowensis, Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. Viii 231. 1901.
TYPE: Pammel & Ball 65, Ledger [ledges?] Boone Co., Iowa.(HT:US; Isotype: GH)

SUBSPECIFC TAXA:

Cnicus iowensis var. crattyi, Pammel
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 8:231. 1901.
TYPE:C. R. Ball s.n., Iowa. Emmet Co.: Little Rock, Spirit Lake

Cirsium iranicum, Petrak.
CITATION: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 15:8-9. 1964.

Cirsium jorullense, (H. B. K.) Spreng
CITATION: Syst. Veg. III:376. 1826. SYNONYMS:

Carduus jorullensis, Less.
CITATION: Linnea V:129. 1830.
Cnicus jorullensis, Kunth
CITATION: Nov. Gen. et Spec. IV:22. 1820.
TYPE: Pringle 6919, 1898, State of Hildago, by streams Sierra de Pachuca, 9000ft

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium jorullense subsp. enjorullense, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:59, 1911.
NOTE: based on basionym
Cirsium jorullense subsp. enjorullense var.pilosum, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:59, 1911.
TYPE: Pringle 6919, 1898, State of Hildago, by streams Sierra de Pachuca, 9000ft
Cirsium jorullense subsp. enjorullense var.glabrescens, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:60, 1911.
TYPE: Pringle 4301, 26 Sept 1892, State of Mexico, cool pine woods, Nevado del Toluca.
Cirsium jorullense subsp. lanosum, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:60, 1911.
TYPE: Pringle 4214, 1892, State of Mexico, Wet meadows, Sierra de las Cruces

Cirsium kamschaticum, Ledeb. ex D.C.
CITATION: Prodr. vi:644
TYPE: Kamtschatka
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus kamtschaticus, Maxim.
CITATION: Mel. Bio. ix:310

NOTES: This based on interpretation of Gray 1867 (p.400) and 1883 (p.56)

Cirsium karduchorum, Petrak.
CITATION: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. 15:5-8. 1964.

Cirsium lacerus, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot Club 37:543. 1910.
TYPE: Carlton & Garrett 6732, 6 July 1905, Utah: Wahsatch Co, near Midway [HT:NYBG]

Cirsium lappoides, (Less.) Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Seem. Bot. Voy. "Herald" 1852-1857, p. 313
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus lappoides, Hemsl.
Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot.p. 1879-1888 p.251.
Carduus lappoides Less
Linnaea V:129. 1830.
TYPE: Liebm. 686, 687, 688, South Mexico, Mirados. [Kopenhagen]

Cirsium laterifolius, (Osterhout) Rydb.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus laterifolius, Osterhout
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:141. 1906.
TYPE: G. Osterhout 3090, 16 Aug 1905, Colorado. Larimer Co.: canyon of the Thompson River between the foothills and Estes Park

Cirsium lecontei, Torr.& Gray
CITATION: Fl. Syn. Am. 2:459. 1843.
TYPE: Leconte, west pine barrens, Georgia [syntypes: NY, GH] SYNONYMS:

Cnicus lecontei, (Torr. & Gray) Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:39.

Cirsium lettermanni, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):432. 1917.

Carduus leucopsis, E. L. Greene exJ. M. Coulter & Nelson, nom. nud. pro syn.
CITATION: New Man. Rocky Mts. Bot. 586. 1909.
TYPE: C. F. Baker 645, Jun 1899, Colorado. Arboles [US]

Cirsium liebmannii, Schz. Bip. ex Klatt
CITATION: Leopoldina xxiv(13-14):128. 1888.
TYPE: Liebmann 681, Mexico, Pic Orizaba ca 2400m
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus liebmannii, Klatt
CITATION: Leopoldina xxiv(13-14):128. 1888

Cirsium limophilum, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:61 1911.
TYPE: Liebmann 685, Mar 1842, Mexico: Mirador.

Cirsium lomatolepis, (Hemsl.) Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:61 1911.
TYPE: Bourgeau 511 Valley of Mexico, En las orillos de acequias, Mexico
SYNONYMS:

Carduus linearifolius, Green
CITATION: proc Acad. Sci. Philad. 1892:363. 1893.
Cnicus linearifolius, Watson
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Adac. 26(18):143. 1891.
TYPE: Pringle 3145, 1890, Federal-District. Low meadows, beside the city of Mexico.

Cirsium loncholepis, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):375. 1917.
TYPE: A. Eastwood 859, 3 Jun 1906, California. Santa Barbara Co.: near La Graciosa.

Cirsium longistylum, R.J.Moore & C.Frankt.
CITATION: Can. J. Bot. 41:1561-1563. 1963
TYPE: Senn, Frankton, & Gillett 5666, 23 Aug., 1951, Little Belt Mts., 3 mi SE of Monarch, Cascade Co., Montana. (HT:DAO)

Cirsium macounii, Rydb.
CITATION: Rydb., Fl.Rocky Mts. 1007, 1068, 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus macounii, Greene

James Macoun 26451 & 26452

Cirsium macvaughii, G. L. Nesom
CITATION: ?
TYPE: [MINN]

Cirsium megacanthum, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II(7):421.
TYPE: Nuttall s. n., "On the banks of the Mississippi, in the vicinity of New Orleans. Found by Mr. Little and myself."

Cirsium megacephalum, (Gray) Cockerell
CITATION: in Daniels, Fl. Boulder, Univ. Mo. Stud.Sci. 2:254. 1911
TYPE location: Texas.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus megacephalus, Nutt. according to Daniels.
CITATION: Nutt.??;
but according to Woot.& Standl. attribution should be Smyth, Trans.Kans. Acad. 16:160. 1899.
Carduus undulatus var. megacephalus, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:360. 1893.
TYPE: Greene says, "Mr. Leiberg's No 654 is doubtless a good type of this."
Cnicus undulatus var. megacephalus, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 10:42. 1874.
TYPE: none cited

NOTE: Gardner (1974) places this in synonomy with Cirsium undulatum

Cirsium mendocinum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent.35 Ab 2:339, 1917.
TYPE: Pringle 340, 2 Aug 1882, California, Mendocino Co. [CAS]

Cirsium mexicanum, D.C.
CITATION: Prodr. VI:636. 1837
TYPE: Circa Tampico de Tamaulpas (this may be Gaumer 676, April, port of Silam [US])
SYNONYMS:

Carduus mexicanus, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1892: 363. 1893.
TYPE: Berlandier s.n., Mexico. Tamaulipas

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium mexicanum var. bracteatum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent.27 pt 2:231, 1910.
TYPE: Pittier 11239, Costa Rica. Tuis pres Turialba, 620 m

Cirsium minganense f. album, Vict. & Rosseau
CITATION: Mem. Soc. Roy. Canada, Ser.3, 19:81 Fig 2, pt 1-3, 1925.
TYPE: Marie Victorin-Rolland Germain 18990, 1924, Quebec: Archipel de Mingan, Ile Quin
NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1967) presented an argument that this collection was Cirsium scariosum that had been introduced on the islands between 1915 & 1924 and had since disappeared from the area.

Cirsium modestum, Cockerell
CITATION: Univ. Coll. Studies 11:219, 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus modestus, Osterh.
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 9:54. 1913.
TYPE: G. E. Osterhout 4803, 23 Aug 1912, Colorado. Larimer Co.: Thompson Cañon

Cirsium mohavense, (Greene) Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:68. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus mohavensis, Greene.
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 44(1892): 361. 1893.
TYPE: Parish 1834, 1886, Rabbit Springs, Mohave Desert, San Bernardino Co., Calif. (HT:NDG)

Cirsium montigenum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35 Ab 2:454, 1917.
TYPE:W. N. Suksdorf 576, 16–17 Jul 1913, California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais
NOTE: see Cirsium hydrophilum

Cirsium muticum, Michx.
CITATION: Fl. Bor. Am. 2:89. 1803.
TYPE: Michx.?, "in altissimis montibus Carolinae"
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus muticus var. alpicola, Fernald(1905)
CITATION: Ott. Nat. 1905:166. 1905.
Cnicus muticus Pursh.
CITATION: Fl. Am. Sept. 506. 1814.
Carduus muticus Pers.
CITATION: Syn. 2:386. 1807.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium muticum f. lactiflorum, Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora 35:369. 1933.
TYPE: Fernald, Long, & Fogg 2151,10 Aug 1929, Newfoundland, talus of limestone cliff opposite Lomond.
Cirsium muticum f. monticola (Fern.) Boivin
CITATION: Naturaliste Canad. 94:646, 1972.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium muticum var. monticola, Fernald (1907)
  CITATION: Rhodora 9:28. 1907.
- Cnicus muticus var. monticola, Fernald(1905)
  CITATION: Ott. Nat. xix:166. 1905.
  J.F. Collins & M.L. Fernald, 8 Sept. 1905, Canada: Quebec, Gaspe Co. [GH]
Cirsium muticum f. subbipinnatifidium (Britton) Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora 45:353-354. 1943.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium muticus var. subbipinnatifidum, (Britton)Fernald
  CITATION: Rhodora 10:95. 1908.
- Carduus muticus var. subbipinnatifidus, Britton
  CITATION: Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 3:489. 1898.

Cirsium navajoense, Moore and Frankton
CITATION: Canadian J. Bot. 52:548, 1974.
TYPE: Delzie Demaree 38505, Oct 15, 1955, banks of Nazilini Creek, 2 «-3 ft. tall, near Nazilini, Navaho Indian Reservation, elevation 5,600 ft, Apache Co., Arizona (SMU; photo DAO).

NOTE:"This specimen consists of the upper 4 dm of the plant so the lower stem and leaves are unknown."

Cirsium nebraskense, Lunell
CITATION: Am. Midland Naturalist 2:301, 1912.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus nebraskensis, Britton
CITATION: Britton & Brown. Ill. Fl. 3:487. 1898.
TYPE: P. A. Rydberg 110, 1891, Nebraska. Scott's Bluff

NOTE: Gleason (1952) gives citation as Cirsium nebraskense Britton. with no further citation. Britton and Rose listed this in their 1913 publication.
SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium nebraskense var. discissum, Lunell
CITATION: Am. Midl. Nat. 2:301. 1912.
TYPE: none mentioned in Lunell. perhaps J. Lunnell, 24 July 1913, USA, North Dakota: Benson Co., Circa urbem "Leeds" [MINN; NY; US]
NOTE: This has been placed in synonym with several other taxa.
Cirsium nebraskense var. formidulosum, Lunell
CITATION:Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:142. 1913. TYPE: J. C. Blumer s.n., 9–12 Sep 1911, North Dakota. Ward Co.: near Minot

NOTE: See also Cirsium canescens and Cirsium flodmanii.

Cirsium nelsonii (Pammel) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35 Ab 2:552, 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium nelsonii(Pammel) Macbr.
CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. 57:21-22. 1918.
Cirsium nelsonii(Pammel) Rydb.
CITATION: Flora Rocky Mts. and Adjacent Plains 1012, 1069. 1917
Carduus nelsoni(Pammel) A.Nelson
CITATION: in Coulter and Nelson, Manual Bot. Rocky Mts. 586. 1909.
Cnicus nelsoniPammel.
CITATION: Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 8:235. 1901.
TYPE: A.Nelson 8093, Aug 1900, Laramie, Albany Co.,Wyoming (HT:ISC; Isotype:RM)

NOTE: Gardner (1974) places this taxon in synonomy with Cirsium canescens

Cirsium neomexicanum, Gray
CITATION: Pl. Wright. (Smiths. Contri.) 2:101. 1853.
TYPE: Wright, 1417, Side of Organ Mountains, northeast of El Paso, April. (HT:GH)
NOTE:The original name Gray uses is C. neo-mexicanum
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium novo-mexicanum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):466. 1917.
Carduus neomexicanus, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad.Phil. 1892:362. 1893.
Cnicus neomexicanus, A.Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 10:45, 1874.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium neo-mexicanum subsp. Bakeri, Petrak
Cirsium neomexicanum var. utahense, S.L. Welsh

Cirsium neomexicanum

Cirsium nevadense, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl 35 Ab 2:552, 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus nevadensis, Greene
CITATION: Pittonia 3:26. 1896.
TYPE: Greene s. n., July 1895, Along bases of cliffs in the West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada.
NOTES: See C. inamoenus

NOTE: See also Cirsium douglasii

Cirsium nidulum, (M.E.Jones) Petrak
CITATION: Beih.Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):553. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus nidulus (Jones) Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia, 1:6. 1900.
Cnicus nidulus M.E.Jones
CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2,5:705, 1895.
TYPE: M.E. Jones 5290a, May 25, 1894, " red alkaline sand, along the bottoms of the Paria River", Pohria [=Paria, Kane Co., Utah](Holotype POM, Isotype NY, photos DAO).

Cirsium nigriceps, Standl. & Steyerm.
CITATION: Field Mus. Pub. Bot. 23:258, 1947.
TYPE:?

Cirsium nivale, (HBK) Schultz Bip.
CITATION: ?
TYPE: ?
NOTES: Ownbey (1968) says that this is not a synonym of Cirsium cernuum (despite his annotations - pb).

Cirsium novolense, G. L. Nesom
CITATION: ?
TYPE: D. Bogler & T. Atkins 205, Mexico, Nuevo Leon, Cerro Potosi, along road to summit. [NYBG]

Cirsium nuttallii, (Nutt.) DC
CITATION: Prodr. 6:651. 1837.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus glaber, Ell.
CITATION: Sk. II: 270
Carduus glaber, Nutt.
CITATION: Gen. ii:129
NOTES: Gray (1867) says if citation is correct, "hardly from New Jersey". In 1874, he writes that "Nuttall's New Jersey plant is without much doubt C. muticus, and he was probably unaquainted with the present species."

Cirsium occidentale, (Nutt.) DC
CITATION: Prodr 6:651. 1837.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus occidentalis, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii, 418. 1840. [problem: sometimes cited as 1841]
TYPE: Nuttall s. n., "Round Santa Barbara".

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium occidentale subsp. eu-occidentale, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):496. 1917.
Cirsium occidentalesubsp. candidissimum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):496. 1917.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium candidissimum, Davidson & Moxley, not Dammer 1898.
  CITATION: Fl. S. Calif. 438. 1923.
- Cirsium occidentale var. candidissimum, (Greene) J.F.Macbr.
  CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. 53:22. 1918.
- Carduus occidentalis var. candidissimus, H.M. Hall
  CITATION: Univ. Calif. Gray Herb. 53:22. 1918.
- Carduus candidissimus, Greene
  CITATION: Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.of Phila. 44(1892):359 1893.
  TYPE: E. L. Greene 223, 26 Jul 1876, California. Siskiyou Co. [US]
Cirsium occidental subsp. acrolepis, Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr 31:66, 1911.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium acrolepis (Petrak) Ownbey
  CITATION: Phytologia 50(5): 317-318.
  TYPE: W. Schumann 163C, Aug. 1887, Jaral, Guanajuato, Mexico. (HT:JE; isotype:US)
Cirsium occidentale var. venustum, Jepson
CITATION: Man.Fl. Pl. Calif. 1167. 1925.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium occidentale subsp. venustum, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. [problem: partial citation]
- Carduus venustus, Greene, not Cirsium venustrum, Porta, 1909.
  CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 44(1892):359. 1893.
  TYPE: From Cronquist (1994) - "'Hills of the inner Coast Range of California, from Vacaville southward'; presumably to be based on Greene s.n., near Vacaville, Calif, in 1886, at NDG."
Cirsium occidentale var. compactum, Hoover
CITATION: Vasc. Pl. San Luis Obispo Co., Calif. 310. 1970.
TYPE: R. F. Hoover 9087, 13 Jun 1964, California. San Luis Obispo Co.: Pt. Sierra Nevada, N of Arroyo de la Cruz

NOTES: See conflicting citation in Cirsium proteanum & C. pastoris. See also Howell (1959).

Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gray
CITATION: Mem. Amer. Acad. n.ser. (Plant. Fendl.) 4:110. 1849.
TYPE: Fendler 486, 1 July 1847, Mountain-sides around Santa Fe, New Mexico. (HT:GH; isotype:TEX)
SYNONYMS:

Carduus undulatus Nutt. var. ochrocentrus (A.Gray) Rydb.
CITATION: Contr.U.S. Natl.Herb. 3:510. 1896.
Carduus ochrocentrus, (Gray) Greene.
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892:336. 1893.
Cnicus ochrocentrus, A. Gray.
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 19:57. 1883.
Cnicus undulatus var. ochrocentrus, A. Gray
CITATION: Proc.Amer.Acad.Arts 10:42-43. 1874.
Cirsium undulatum var. β, Gray
CITATION: Smiths. Contr. Knowl. 5(6):125. 1852.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium ochrocentrum subsp. martinii, Barlow
CITATION: Novon 9(3):318-322, 1999.
TYPE: Barlow 97-8, 28 July 1997, USA New Mexico, Catron Co., 5mi e/San Francisco River bridge along NM Highway 12. [HT: USNH; isotypes: ASU, MO, NMC, UNM]
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium macrocarpum, Hsi nomen nudum
  CITATION: Taxonomy, Distribution and Relationships of the species of Cirsium belonging to the series Undulata. PhD. Dissertation, UMIN. 1960. [not effective publication].
  TYPE: G.B. Ownbey & F. Ownbey 1822, 9 Sept. 1953, 16.7 miles south of Grand Canyon City, along roadway, pinion-juniper zone", Coconino Co., Ariz. [HT:MIN]
Cirsium ochrocentrum var. durangense, Greenm.
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 40:51. 1904.
TYPE: E.W. Nelson 4633,1 Aug 1898, Durango, Mexico. (HT:US)
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium durangense, (Greenman) G.B. Ownbey
  CITATION: Brittonia. 20:337-338. 1968.
- Cirsium durangense, Hsi. nomen nudum
  CITATION: Taxonomy, Distribution and Relationships of the species of Cirsium belonging to the series Undulata. PhD. Dissertation, UMIN. 1960. [not effective publication].
Cirsium ochrocentrum var. Helleri, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):418. 1917.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium undulatum subsp. Helleri, Petrak
- Carduus helleri, Small
  [problem: also shown as a valid taxon]
Cirsium ochrocentrum var. townsendii, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):420. 1917.
TYPE: Townsend & Barber 59, Mexico, Chihuahua, near Colonia Garcia in the Sierra Madres.
NOTES: See also Cirsium undulatum for Hsi's disposition of this taxon.

Cirsium oreophilum, [problem: not listed, may not be transfered]
NOTES: K. Schumann (1901) probably intended to transfer this to Cirsium, but he used the epithet Cirsium eriophilus.
SYNONYM:

Carduus oreophilus, Rydb.
CITATION: Torr. Bot. Club 28:509. 1901.
TYPE: P.A. Rydberg, 1895, Georgetown, Colorado
SYNTYPES: C.F. Baker 644,1899, Pagosa Springs, Colorado; S. Watson 689, 1868, Run Valley, Nevada.
NOTES: In the original description, Rydberg says this taxon had been included in Cirsium drummondii. C. F. Baker 644 is also the type for Cirsium coloradense.

Cirsium orizabense, Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Leopoldina XXXIV(13-14):128. 1888.
TYPE: Liebmann 673, Pic Orizaba 3000-3500m alt. s.m.

Carduus osterhoutii, (Rydb.)
CITATION: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 32:131. 1905
TYPE: Osterhout 2706, 1902, Red Cliff, Eagle Co., Colorado.
NOTES: Thought to be a hybrid between C. griseus & C. scopulorum.

Cirsium ownbeyi, Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Naturalist 42:200. 1982.
TYPE: Welsh 343,2 July 1955, T1N, R25E, S2, juniper-sagebrush community, 1378 m elev., Horse Trail Canyon, Uintah Co., Utah (HT:BRY)

Cirsium pallidum, Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19:751. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pallidus, Wooton and Standl.
CITATION: Contri. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:195. 1913.
TYPE: Standley 4357, 16 July 1908, Pecos River Nat.Forest. near Winsor's Ranch, NM. (HT:USNH; isotypes: GH, CAS)

Cirsium pallustre, (L.) Scop.
CITATION: Fl. Carn. Ed. 2, 2:128. 1772.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus palustris, L.
CITATION: Sp. Pl. 822. 1753.

Cirsium parryi, (Gray) Petrak
SYNONYMS:

Carduus viridiflorus, E. L. Greene ex. Coult. Nelson.
CITATION: Man. Rocky Mts. Bot. 585. 1909.
TYPE: C.F. Baker 647, 3 Aug 1899, Colorado, near Pagosa Peak. [USNH]
NOTE: Publication invalid per Keil. Collection number may be 649

Carduus parryi, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:362. 1893.
Cnicus parryi, Gray
CITATION: Synoptic Flora of N.A. 398. 1874.
SYNTYPES: Parry 34, Colorado. Rocky Mts.; Vasey 350 Colorado. Rocky Mts. [GH;NY]; Hall & Harbour 340 Colorado. Rocky Mts.[CU]; Wolf & Rothrock 460, July 1873, Colorado. Rocky Mts. Twin Lakes? Explorations & Surveys west of the 100th meridian, Wheeler , Com'ding [NY; US]

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium parryi subsp. mogollonicum, Schaak & Goodwin.
CITATION: Madrono. 37: 300 (-301), fig. 1. 1991.
TYPE: Schaak et al, 2175, 27 Aug., 1987, Shaded confines of Dane Spring Canyon, T13N R11E sect 35, ca. 7200 ft, Coconino Co., Arizona (HT:WIS; isotype, ARIZ)

NOTE: Some authors would put all the yellow flowered 'viridiflora' together into C. parryi.

Cirsium pastoris, J.T.Howell
CITATION: Amer. Midl. Nat. 30:38. 1943.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium occidentale var. candidissimum, J.F. McBride
CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. No. 53:22. 1918.
NOTE: This according to Cronquist, but see Cirsium occidentale. Cronquist (1994) writes: "Cirsium pastoris is closely allied to C. occidentale (Nutt.) Jeps. of western California and might perhaps better be treated as C. occidentale var. candidissimum (Greene) J.F. Macbr."
Cirsium occidentale Nutt. subsp. candidissimum (Greene)Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):496. 1917.
Carduus occidentalis Nutt. var. candidissimus, (Greene) H. M. Hall.
CITATION: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 3:240. 1907.
Cirsium canidissimum, Davids & Moxley
CITATION: Fl. S. Calif. 438. 1923. Not Dammer, Garden Chron. 1:161 1898.
Carduus candidissimus, Greene
CITATION: Citation: Proc. Acad. Phila. 1892: 359. 1893.
TYPE: From Cronquist (1994) - "'Extreme northern California'; presumably to be based on Greene s.n., Siskiyou Co., Calif., 26 July 1876, at NDG."

Cirsium pazcuarense, (HBK) Spreng.
CITATION: Syst. Veg. III:372 1826.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus pascuarensis, Kunth
CITATION: Nov. gen. et spec. IV:22 t.310 1820. TYPE: Humb. et Bonp. s. n., South Mexico near Pazcuaro.

Cirsium peckii, L.F.Henders.
CITATION: Madroño. 5:97-98. 1939.
TYPE: Henderson 8521, 6 June 1927, Alvord Ranch, e. base of Steens Mt., Harney Co., Oregon (HT:ORE; isotype: CAS)
NOTE: CAS records give date 1 July, 1927.

Cirsium perennans, (Greene) Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contri. Nat. Herb. 19:753. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus perennans, Greene
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Club 25(3):123. 1898. [problem: page 125?]
TYPE: Wooton 326, 12 August 1897, White Mts. at 7,000 ft., Lincoln Co., NM, lectotype by G.B. Ownbey (HT:US; GH, MIN, MO, NY)
SYNTYPE: 7 July 1897, Organ Mts.

Cirsium perplexans, Rydb.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus perplexans, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 32:132. 1905.
TYPE: Baker 286,29 June 1901, Cimarron, Colorado. [MINN]

Cirsium pinetorum, Greenm.
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 41:267. 1905.
TYPE: C. G. Pringle 8884, 15 Sept., 1904, Pine forests, Honey Station, altitude 1765m, Puebla, Mexico.(HT:GH; Isotypes: LL, K, MSU, MIN, NY, US.)
NOTES: not Carduus pinetorum, Small, Fl. Miami, 199, 200, 1913.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium acantholepis var. pinetorum, (Greenm.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27(2):212. 1910.

Cirsium pinnatisectum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 27 pt 2:236, 1916.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus pinnatisectus, Klatt CITATION: Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. XXXV:292. 1896.
TYPE: A. Tonduz 7791, April 1893, Costa Rica: Paramos de l'Abejonal 1900m [HT: GH]

Cirsium pitcheri, (Torr. ex Eaton) Torr.& Gray.
CITATION: Fl. N. Am. 2:456. 1843.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pitcheri, Porter
CITATION: Mem. Torr. Club 5:345. 1894.
Carduus pitcheri, (Torr. ex Eaton) Steud.
CITATION: Nom. Bot. 1, 284. 1840.
Cnicus pitcheri, Torr. ex Eaton
CITATION: Eaton, Man. Ed. 5, 180. 1829.
TYPE: E. James s.n., "at Lake Huron"

Cirsium plattense (Rydb.) Cockerell ex Daniels.
CITATION: University of Mo. Studies, Sci. Ser. 2 No.2:402. 1911.
Per [Daniels, Fl. Boulder Colo, 254]
SYNONYMS:

Carduus plattensis, Rydb.
CITATION: Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iii. 167. t.2. 1895.
TYPE: Rydberg 1356, 1893, near Plummer ford, Dismal River, Thomas County, Nebraska (HT:NY, isotype:US; photo:MIN) Nebraska.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Carduus plattensis var. spinosior, Rydberg
CITATION: Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:167. 1895.
SYNTYPES: J. G. Smith & R. Pound 64, 7 Jul 1892, Nebraska. Boxbutte Co.; F. Clements 2964, Nebraska. Holt Co.: Paddock; Fendler 73, Jul 1849, Nebraska. Ft. Kearney; Hayden s.n., Nebraska. Upper Platte

NOTE: Britton & Brown cite this as Cirsium plattense (Rydb.) Britton without a citation. Robinson (Rhodora 13:240, 1911) cite it as "Cirsium plattense (Rydb.) Fernald in herb".

Cirsium portoricense, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 27(2):237. 1911
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus portoricensis, O. Kuntze
CITATION: Rev. Gen. Pl. I:329. 1891.
TYPE: P. Sintenis 6415, Portorico: "Caguas, Cayey"

Cirsium praeteriens, Macbr.
CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. N.Ser. 57:18, 1918.
TYPE: Congdon 6, 19 July 1897, Palo Alto, California. (HT:GH)

Cirsium pringlei, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 27(2):238-240. 1911
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pringlei, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1892:364 1983.
Cnicus pringlei, Watson
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. XXV:156. 1890.
TYPE: Pringle 2507, 1889, Mexico: State of Nuevo Leon. Sierra Madre near Monterey. [US]

Cirsium proteanum, J.T.Howell
CITATION: Leaflets West. Bot. 9:14. 1959.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium occidentale var. venustrum, Jepson
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Caif. 1167. 1925.
Cirsium occidentale ssp. venustum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):493. 1917.
Carduus venustus, Greene
CITATION: Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila. 1892:359. 1893.
TYPE: E. L. Greene s.n., 1886, California. Near Vacaville.

NOTE: See conflicting listings in C. pastoris & C. occidentale

Cirsium Pulchellum, (Greene) Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb 19:752. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium calcareum var. pulchellum, S. L. Welsh
CITATION: Great Basin Naturalist 43:249. 1983
Cirsium puchellum var. glabrescens, Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:511. 1917. TYPE: Rydberg & Garrett 9335, 12 Aug 1911, Utah. Elk Mts.
Carduus pulchellus, Greene. ex Rydb.

C. F. Baker 646

Cirsium pulcherrimum, (Rydb.) K.Schum.
CITATION: Just's Bot. Jahresber. 29(1):566. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pulcherrimus, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull.Torry Bot. Club.28:510. 1901.
TYPE: Tweedy 3048, 1900, Eastern slope of the Bighorn Mts., headwaters of Clear Creek and Crazy Woman River, Wyo. (HT:NY; Isotype: RM)

NOTES: Moore & Frankton (1963) are of the opinion that Cirsium subniveum should be synonomized with this species.

Cirsium pumilum(Nutt.) Spreng.
CITATION: Syst. Veg. 3, 375. 1826.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus pumilus, (Nutt.) Torr.
CITATION: Compend. 282. 1826.
Carduus pumilus Nutt.
CITATION: Gen. N. Amer 2:130. 1818.
TYPE: Nuttall sn, N. Jersey. (Syntypes;PH)
SYNTYPE: W. Stuve s.n., New York. On the banks of the Hudson near New York
NOTE: the Stuve specimen is Carduus pumilus Nutt. β hystrix Nutt.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium pumilum ssp. pumilum, Moore & Frankton
CITATION: Can. Jour. Bot. 44:586-588. 1966.
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium odoratum,(Barton) Petrak
  CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:68, 1911.
  NOTE: Britton & Brown cite this as Cirsium odoratum (Muhl.) Britton
- Carduus odoratus,(Barton) Porter
  Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. 5:345. 1894.
- Cnicus odoratus, Barton
  CITATION: Comp. Fl. Philad. 95. 1818.
- Cnicus odoratus Muhl. nomen nudum
  CITATION: Cat. 70. 1813.
Cirsium pumilum var. hillii, (Canby) Moore & Frankton
CITATION:Can. Jour. Bot. 44:588-591. 1966
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium hillii, (Canby) Fernald
  CITATION: Rhodora 10:95. 1908.
- Carduus hillii, (Canby) Porter
  CITATION: Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 5:344. 1894.
- Cnicus hillii Canby
  CITATION:Gard & For. 4:101. 1891.
  TYPE: Hill s.n., June 9, 1890, sandy ground, Lake Co., Indiana (Lectotype:NY; isolectotypes NY, ILL) Lectotypified by Moore & Frankt. 1966.
Cirsium pumilum f. albiflorum, Scoggan nom. nov.
CITATION: Scoggan, Flora Canada pt.1,52, 1978.

(Nutt.)Sprengel var. hillii (Canby) Boivin forma candidum Boivin, non Fernald 1943 CITATION:Naturaliste Canad. 94: 646. 1972
TYPE: Macoun 733, 31 Jul 1874, Shores of Lake Huron [Problem: but see next, the 1943 article says M.L.Fernald]
Cirsium pumilum f. candidum, Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora, 45:354, 1943.
TYPE: W.H. Manning, July 12, 1889, Ashby, Massachusetts. (originally in Herb. New Eng. Bot Club).
Cirsium pumilum f. fultius, Fernald
CITATION: Rhodora 45:354, 1943.
TYPE: Chas. Wright. s.n.,1878, Wethersfield, Connecticut. (HT:GH)

NOTE: Cirsium pumilum also attributed as "Spreng. nomen superf." probably based on Barton's publication of Cnicus odoratus listing C. pumilus Nutt. as a synonym. Nuttall registered publication in April 1818, Barton registered his in July 1818. Fernald (1943) gives Cirsium pumilum the right of way.

Cirsium quercetorum, (Gray) Jeps.
CITATION: Fl. W. Midl. Calif. 507. 1901.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus quercetorum, A. Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:40. 1874.
TYPE: Bolander, Kellogg, California. Hills at Oakland and elsewhere near San Francisco

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium quercetorum var. campylopesis, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):363. 1917.
Cirsium quercetorum var. walkeranum, (Petrak) Jepson
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1164. 1925
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium walkeranum, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):406. 1917.
  TYPE: H. A. Walker 3013, 18 Jun 1911, California. Berkeley
Cirsium quercetorum var. mendocium, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):364. 1917.
TYPE: A. Eastwood 1589, 8–16 Aug 1912, California. Mendocino Co.: Ft. Bragg
Cirsium quercetorum var. citrinum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):363. 1917.
TYPE: A. Eastwood 2629, 10 Apr 1913, California. San Diego Co.: Warner's Hot Springs
Cirsium quercetorum (A. Gray) Jepson var. xerolepis Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:363. 1917.
TYPE: W. N. Suksdorf 363, 28 Jun 1913, California. NW of San Bruno

Cirsium radians, (Helms) Benth.
CITATION: Pl. Hartw. 1839-1857: 77.
SYNONYM:

Cnicus radians, Helms.
CITATION: Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1879-1888. II p. 252.
TYPE: Hartw. 538 Guatemalensium: in arvis Quezaltenango. Rancho del Palo Nueco.

Cirsium reglense, Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Ehrenberg, Nr. 16
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus reglense, F. W. Klatt
CITATION: Leopoldina XXIV (13-14):128
TYPE: Liebm. 648, Mexico, Tehuacan

Cirsium remotifolium, (Hook.) DC.
CITATION: Prodr. 6, p.655. 1837.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium stenolepidum, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 7:419. 1841.
TYPE: Nuttall, "In the plains of Oregon."

Cnicus remotifolius, Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:47. 1874.
Carduus remotifolius, Hooker
CITATION: Flor. Bor.Amer. I:302. 1833.
TYPE: Douglas s.n., Gravelly soils on the banks of streams, common in the valley of the Columbia.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium remotifolium var. rivulare, Jepson
CITATION: Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif, 1164, 1925.
TYPE: J. P. Tracy 2909, California. Humboldt Co.: near Low Gap
Cirsium remotifolium var. oregonense, Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:300. 1917.
TYPE: W. C. Cusick 2692, 22 Jul 1901, Oregon. Crook Co.: Camp Polk
Cirsium remotifolium var. odontolepis, Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:298. 1917.
TYPE: A. Eastwood s.n., Aug 1906, California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais
Cirsium remotifolium var. pseudocarlinioides, Petrak
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:297. 1917.
TYPE: E. Cannon s.n., California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais

Cirsium repandum, Michx.
CITATION: Fl. Amer. 2:89. 1803
TYPE: Michaux (?), Carolina. ?
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus repandus, Ell.
CITATION: SK. ii:269
Carduus repandus, Pers.
CITATION: Syn. II:386

Cirsium rhaphilepis, (Hemsley) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 27, pt 2:242, 1910
SYNONYMS:

Carduus rhaphilepis, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1892:362. 1893.
Cnicus rhaphilepis, Hemsl.
CITATION: Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. II:252 1879-1899
TYPE: Bourgeau 141, South Mexico, Valley of Mexico.

Cirsium rhothophilum, Blake
CITATION: Journ. Wash. Acad. 21:336. 1931.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium maritimum, Petrak, non Makino
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35:288. 1917.
NOTES: Cited also as Cirsioth. univ. Fasc. XII. Nr. 115 (1914) nec Makino in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 24:249. 1910.
Carduus maritimus, Hall.
CITATION: Compos. South. Calif. in Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 3(1):238. 1907.
Carduus maritima, Elmer
CITATION: Bot. Gaz. 39:45. 1905.
TYPE: Elmer 3631, May 1902, California. Santa Barbara Co.: Surf [HT:CAS; isotype:MINN]

Cirsium rigidum, DC.
CITATION: Prodr. VI:640. 1837.
TYPE: G. Woronow, 21 June 1907. bei Ardanuca [problem: need to read in German]
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium aspinellum, Sojak
CITATION: Nov. Bot. Hort. Bot. Univ. Prag. p.36. 1961.

NOTE: A specimen at USNH is labeled "Carduus rigidus, Small in ed." R. M. Harper 1697, season of 1902, Tyty Co.

Cirsium rosani, Tenore
CITATION: Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap. 15. 1830.
TYPE: O. Gavioli s. n., July 1926, Italy: Lucania, Potenza [topotype: DAO]

Cirsium rothrockii, (Gray) Petrak
CITATION: Bot. Tidsskr. 31:68. 1911.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus rothrockii(Gray) Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892:362. 1893.
Cnicus rothrockii,Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. Arts, 17:220. 1882. Basionym.
TYPE: Rothrock 289, 1874, Rocky Canyon, Arizona (Lectotype US,GH, photo DAO). Gray also cites Lemmon, 1881 [GH] in the original description. Lectotypified by Moore & Frank. 1974.

Cirsium puchellum ssp. diffusum (Eastw.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):514. 1917.
Cirsium diffusum(Eastw.) Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Rocky Mts. 1010, 1068. 1917.
Carduus diffusus(Eastw.) Heller
CITATION: Muhlengergia, 1:6. 1900.
Cnicus diffususEastw.
CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 3, 1:121. 1898.
Cnicus rothrockii var. diffusus Eastw.
CITATION: Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Ser. 2,6:303-304. 1896.
TYPE: Eastwood 65, Aug. 13, 1895, Willow Creek, San Juan Co., Utah [HT:CAS; Isotype:US, photo DAO)
NOTE: CAS database shows date as July 13, 1895.

Cirsium rusbyi, (Greene) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35, 2:559, 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus rusbyi, Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892:361. 1893.
TYPE: Dr. H.H. Rusby, 1883, Southern Arizona.

Cirsium rydbergii, Petrak
CITATION: Peih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):315. 1917. [Oct]
TYPE: Rydberg 10001, along the San Juan River, near Bluff, Utah. (Lactucinum HT: NY)
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium lactucinum

Rydberg 10001

Cirsium rydbergii

Cirsium scapanolepis, Porta
CITATION: Bieh. Bot. Centralbl. 35:559. 1917.
TYPE: Osterhout 2254, 24–27 Aug 1900, Colorado. North Park, at base of mountains on both east and west sides

Cirsium serotinum, Porta
CITATION: unknown
TYPE: Porta, Sept 1897, Europe: Tirolia Austral. [Type: DAO]

Cirsium scariosum, Nutt.
CITATION: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.7:420 1841.
TYPE: Nuttall s.n., 1834, "Prairies of the Rocky Mts.", suggested by Moore & Frankton to be near Idaho: Bingham Co.:Fort Hall [HT:BM; fragments:GH]
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium hookerianum var. scariosum, (Nutt.) B. Boivin
CITATION: Phytologia 23:116. 1972.
Carduus scariosus, (Nutt) Heller
CITATION: Cat. North Amer. Plants 7:134. 1898.
Cnicus scariosus, (Nutt.) A.Gray
CITATION: Syn Flora North Amer.1:402. 1897.

Cirsium butleri, (Rydb.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih.Bot. Centrabl.35(2):539.1917
Carduus butleri, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull.Torrey Bot. Club 37:542.1910.
TYPE: B.T. Butler 674, 28 July 1908, Big Fork, Montana [HT:NY]

Cirsium magnificum, (A.Nels.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):551. 1917.
Carduus magnificus, A.Nels.
CITATION: Bot.Gaz.(Crawfordsville)53:228.1912.
TYPE: J.F. McBride 271, 22 June 1910, Falk's Store, Canyon Co. Idaho:[HT:RM; Isotypes: F,RM, CAS, NY, GH, MINN.]

Cirsium minganense Vict.
CITATION: Mem. Soc. Roy. Canada ser.3 19:81. 1925
TYPE: Marie-Victorin and Rolland Germain 18,900, ile Quin, Archipel de Mingan, Quebec [HT:MT; Isotypes: CAN, US, WIS]

Cirsium acaulescens, (A. Gray) K. Sch.
CITATION: Just Bot. Jareshb. 29(1):566. 1903
NOTES: Also attributed as: Daniels, Univ. Mo. Stud. Sci. 2:254. 1911.
Cirsium drummondii var. acaulescens, (Gray) J.F. Macbr.
CITATION: Contr. Gray Herb. 53:22. 1918.
Carduus drummondii var. acaulescens, (Gray) Coville
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 4:142. 1893.
Carduus acaulescens, (Gray) Rydb., not Greene, 1893.
CITATION: Bull Torrey Club. 28:507. 1901. [problem: or 508?]
Cnicus drummondi var. acaulescens Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. 10:40. 1874.
TYPE: Watson 690, Bear River valley, Utah (HT:GH) OR Watson 690, July 1865, Ruby Valley, Nevada [US]
NOTE:Gray only cited "Rocky Mountains, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada of Calif."; the above specimen at GH?

Cirsium coloradense subsp. longissimum,(Heller) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):371. 1917.
Carduus longissimus, A. Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 3:134. 1907.
NOTE: Moore & Frankton (1967) say that this was a new name for Carduus americanus, (A. Gray) Rydb.
Cirsium americanum, (Gray) K. Schum
CITATION: Just's Bot. Jahresber. 29(1):566. 1901.
Carduus americanus,(Gray) Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28:508. 1901. not Greene, 1893.
NOTES: But see Cirsium callilepis.
Cirsium acaule var. americanum, A. Gray
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15(1863):68. 1864.
TYPE:Hall & Harbour 339, Rocky Mts., lat. 39-41 degrees, Colorado. (HT:GH)

Cirsium kelseyi, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):548, 1917.
Carduus kelseyi, Rydb.
CITATION: Mem. New York Bot.Gard.1:449.1900
TYPE: F. D. Kelsey S.N., 21 Jul 1892, "Main range of the Rockies, not far from Helena", Montana (HT:OC)
NOTE from Cronquist (1994): "Lectotypified in effect by R.J. Moore & Frankton. 1967, on the 1892 specimen at Oberlin; the NY syntype annotated by Rydberg and subsequently by R.J. Moore, was collected in 1891".

Cirsium erosum, (Rydb.) K. Schum.
CITATION: Just's Botan. Jahres. 29(1):566. 1901.
Carduus erosus, Rydb.
CITATION: Torrey Bot. Club 28:507. 1901.
TYPE: Frank Tweedy 517, 1896, Durango (HT:US)
NOTES: R.J. Moore & C. Frankton suggested this to be a hybrid between [problem: what taxon?] and Cirsium centaureae per Cronquist (1994).

Cirsium lacerum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. 35(2):548, 1917.
NOTE: Moore & Frankton (1967) suggest that this is a hybrid between C. acaulescens and C. coloradense
Carduus lacerus, Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:543. 1910.
TYPE: Carlton & Garrett 6732, near Midway, Wasatch Co., Utah. (HT:NY)

NOTES: See also: Cirsium acaulescens,C. drummondi, and C. coloradense. The above treatment is according to Cronquist 1994.
SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium scariosum var. thorneae, Welsh.
CITATION: Great Basin Naturalist 42:261. 1982.
TYPE: S.L and S.L.Welsh 14369, 11 Aug. 1976, margin of Otter Creek, Grass Valley, 6.5 mi n of Angles, T28S, R1W, S30, volcanic sediments, 2013 m elev., Piute Co., Utah (HT:BRY)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) says, while it is spiny, the narrow, undilated tips of the involucral bracts is indiscriminately variable within the species.

Cirsium scopulorum, (Greene) Cockerell ex Daniels
CITATION: Fl. Boulder, Colorado & Vicinity 253. 1911.
TYPE: Parry s.n., headwaters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying e. of Middle Park, Colorado, in 1861; lectotype by R.J. Moore and Frankton 1965 (GH)
SYNONYMS:

Carduus hookerianus (var.) eriocephalus, A. Nelson
CITATION: In J.M. Coult. & A. Nelson, New Man. Bot. Cetr. Rocky Mts. 585. 1909.
Carduus scopulorum, Greene
CITATION: Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phladelphia 44(1892):362. 1893.
TYPE:?
Cnicus eriocephalus, A. Gray
CITATION: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10:46. 1874.
Cirsium eriocephalum, A. Gray (homonym)
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadephia 15(1863):362. 1864; not Wallr. 1840.
TYPE: Parry s.n., headwaters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying e. of Middle Park, Colorado, in 1861; lectotype by R.J. Moore and Frankton 1965
SYNTYPE: Hall & Harbour 341, 1862, Rocky Mt. Flora lat. 39°-41° [USNH]
Cirsium hesperium, (Eastw.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2)345. 1917.
Carduus hookerianus hesperius, (Eastw.) A. Nelson
CITATION: In J.M. Coult. & A. Nelson, New Man. Bot. Cetr. Rocky Mts. 585. 1909.
Carduus hesperius, (Eastw.) A.A. Heller
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 1:6. 1900.
Cnicus hesperius, Eastwood
CITATION: Proc. Cal. Acad. 3(1):122. 1898.
TYPE: Eastwood s.n., Aug. 1892, Mt. Hesperus, Bear Cr. Divide, La Plata Mts., SW Colorado. (HT:CAS)

NOTE: But also see Cirsium hesperium.

Cirsium skutchii, S.F. Blake
CITATION: Brittonia 2:357, 1937, Guatemala
TYPE: Skutch 1264, Guatemala. Huehuetenango: Sierra Cuchumatanes, alpine meadow along trail between Huehuenenango and Soloma. [type: GH]

Cirsium smallii, Britton
CITATION:
SYNONYMS:

Carduus pinetorum, Small
CITATION: Fl. Southeast. U. S., 1308. 1903.
TYPE: Small & Nash s.n., 2 & 5 Nov 1901, Florida. Cocoanut Grove
NOTES: See also Cirsium pinetorum
Carduus smallii, (Britt) Ahles
CITATION: Jour. Elisha Mitchell. Sci. Soc. 90:173. 1964.
Cirsium smallii, Britton.
CITATION: Britt. & Millsp. Bahama Fl. 458, 1930.

NOTES: Long (1970) lists C. smallii as a synonym as Cirsium horridulum var. horridulum.

Cirsium spathulifolium, Rydb.
CITATION: Flora of Rocky Mts. 1011, 1068, 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus spathulatus, Osterh, not Gaudin.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 612. 1905, non Gaudin 1829
TYPE: Osterhout 2254, 24–27 Aug 1900, Colorado. North Park

Cirsium spinosissimum (Walt) (incorr. alt. to Scop. by) Robinson and Fern.
CITATION: Gray's New Man. Bot. 7th ed, 857, 1908.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus spinosissumus, Walt.
CITATION: Fl. Carol. 194. 1788.

NOTES: Fernald (Rhodora 50:228 1948)and B.L. Robinson (Rhodora 13(154): 238-239 1911) noted that this name is illegitimate and this should be referred to C. horridulum. because spinossimum is fixed to European taxon.

Cirsium strigosum MB.
CITATION: Fl. Taur.-Cauc. III:558. 1819.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium leuconeurum, Boiss. et Haussk.
CITATION: Boiss. Fl. or. III:534. 1875.
Cnicus strigosus, MB.
CITATION:Fl. Taur.-Cauc. II:277. 1808.
Carduus strigosus, MB.
CITATION:Beschreib. Länd. Casp. Meer p. 194. 1800.
TYPE: Ad fluvium Aragum circa Mzchet Iberiae. (HT:Leningrad)

Cirsium subcoriaceum (Less.) Schz. Bip.
CITATION: Seem. Bot. Voy. "Herald" 1852-1857. p. 312.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus subcoriaceus Hemsl.
CITATION: Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1879-1888. II:252
Carduus subcoriaceus Less.
CITATION: Linnaea V:130 1830.

NOTES: Petrak (p. 243-244) lists C. heterolepis Benth., C. maximum Benth, Cnicus heterolepis Gray, and Cnicus cernuus Gray as synonyms.

Cirsium submuticum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):521, 1917.
TYPE: ?

Cirsium subniveum, Rydb.
CITATION: Flora Rocky Mts. and Adjacent Plains 1006,1068. 1917.
TYPE: Aven Nelson 1070, Wyoming, Teton Co.; Jackson's Hole, 21 Aug.1894. [HT:US; Isotype:RM]
NOTES: Gardner (1974) considers this a good species and Cronquist (1994) has placed Carduus nevadensis, Cirsium wallowense, and Cirsium davisii in synonomy with this taxon.

Cirsium subuliforme, Ownbey
CITATION: Phytologia 50(5): 321-323.
TYPE: Ownbey & Muggli, Mexico: Mexico. Morelos: 7.6 miles (12.2km) south of Estácion Parres (El Guardia), Rte. 95D from Mexico City to Cuernavaca, alt. ca. 9000 ft. (2740m).[HT:MIN; Isotype:ENCB]

Cirsium terrae-nigrae, Shinners
CITATION: Field and Laboratory 17:27-28. 1949.
TYPE: Lloyd H. Shinners 7486, 10 June, 1945, in black clay, common, railroad right-of-way, 51/2 miles east of Bonham, Fannin Co. Texas.

Cirsium texanum, Buckley
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1861): 460. 1862.
TYPE: "Buckley s.n., Jun, Texas.[McCulloch Co.]near Brady's Creek, north of Fort Mason" [HT:Philadelphia Academy]
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium austrinum (Small) E. D. Schultz
CITATION: ? SYNONYM:
- Carduus austrinus Small
  CITATION: Fl. Se. U.S. 1307, 1341. 1903.
  TYPE: Wright 1291, "between the Pecos and the Limpio", Pecos Co., Texas. [NY, MO]
Cirsium greenei, Petrak
CITATION: Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Plant. 9:177. 1911.
TYPE: Palmer 765 [NY, US]; Pringle 8296 [US]
SYNTYPE:C. G. Pringle 8296, 19 Apr 1900, Mexico. Coahuila. Rio Grande Valley at Diaz
Cirsium helleri, (Small) Cory
CITATION: Fl. Southeast. U.S. 1306. 1903.
TYPE: Heller 1720, Kerrville, Texas [NY]

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium texanum var. stenolepis, Shinners
CITATION: Field and Lab. 19:81, 1951.
TYPE: Shinners 11192, 15 May, 1949. 21/4 miles west of Grand Saline, Van Zandt Co., Texas

Cirsium tioganum, (Congd.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):560. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus tioganus, Congdon
CITATION: Erythea 7:186. 1900.
TYPE: LECTOTYPE Congdon s.n.,16 Aug 1894, Bloody Canyon, Mono Co., Calif. [MIN, GH]

NOTE: Cronquist (1994) places this in synonomy with Cirsium scariosum, Moore & Frankton (1967) place it with Cirsium acaulescens.

Cirsium tolucanum, (Robinson & Seaton) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):245. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus tolucanus

Pringle 4308

Cirsium trachylomum, Blake
CITATION: Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25:322. 1935.
TYPE: I. L. Wiggins & D. Demaree 4904, 18 Sep 1930, Mexico. Baja California: Sierra San Pedro Martir, La Encantada [HT: US; Isotype:TEX]

Cirsium tracyi, (Rydb.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):424. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium undulatum var. tracyi, S.L. Welsh.
CITATION: Great Basin Naturalist 43:254. 1983.
Cirsium tracyi var. garrettianum, Petrak - nomen nudum.
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):427. 1917.
Cirsium tracyi, Rydb.
CITATION: Fl. Rocky Mts. p. 543. 1917.
NOTES: This according to Hsi, 1960.
Carduus tracyi, Rydb.
CITATION: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32:133 1905.
TYPE: Baker Earle & Tracy 90, 1898, Montezuma Co., Colorado. [HT:NY; Isotypes: GH MIN MO NY US]

Cirsium floccosum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):543. 1917.
Carduus floccosus, Rydb.
CITATION: Torrey Bot. Club 32:133. 1905.
TYPE: Osterhout 2652, COLORADO, Wolcott. Co.(HT:NY)

Cirsium acuatum, (Osterh.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):538. 1917.
Cirsium arcuatum, Cockerell
[problem: cited with this spelling - check in Cockerell]
CITATION: Univ. Colo. Stud. 11:218. 1915.
Carduus acuatus, Osterh.
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 9:55. 1913.
TYPE: Osterhout 4612, COLORADO, Paonia, Delta Co.(HT:NY; RM?)

Cirsium tricanthum, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 35(2):481. 1917.
TYPE: G. D. Butler 1368, 20 May 1910, California, Siskiyou Co., Dry land near Yreka.

Cirsium turneri, Warnock
CITATION: Southw. Nat. 5:101. 1960.
TYPE: B.H. Warnock 7974, July 11, 1948, Doubtful Canyon, Gage Estate, Del Norte Mts., altitude 4500 ft, Brewster Co., Texas[HT: SRSC; Isotypes:MIN,SMU, TEX, DAO, LL]

Cirsium tweedyi, (Rydb.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):560. 1917.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus tweedyii, Rydb.
CITATION: Mem. New York Bot. Gard.1:499. 1900.
TYPE:Tweedy 350, Aug. 1887, Montana: Park Co. [HT:YU? NY]
SYNTYPE: Tweedy 759, July 1885, Soda Butte Creek, Yellowstone, Wyoming [GH]

Cirsium hookerianus(Nutt.) Heller var. eriocephalus A.Nelson
CITATION: in Coulter and Nelson, Manual Bot. Rocky Mts. 585.1909. pro parte.

Cirsium polyphyllum, (Rydb.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih.Bot.Centralbl.35(2):556. 1917.
NOTE: This according to Gardner (1974).
Carduus polyphyllus Rydb.
CITATION: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:542. 1910.
TYPE: Rydberg and Bessey 5216, 21 Jul 1896, Mountains near Indain Creek, Montana. (HT:NY)
SYNTYPE: Tweedy 349. Montana. (YU)

Cirsium undulatum, (Nutt.) Spreng.
CITATION: Syst. Veg. 3:374. 1826.
SYNONYMS:

Cnicus undulatus, A.Gray
CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 10:42. 1874 in part.
Carduus undulatusNutt.(section Cnicus)
CITATION: Gen. North Amer.Pl. 2:130. 1818.
TYPE: Nuttall s.n. "Calcareous islands of Lake Huron and on the plains of the Upper Lousiana" (HT:GH) [this specimen consists of a single leaf.]
NOTES: Hsi (1960) cites the type as "Missouri", T. Nuttall, s.n. (PH, photo at MIN), discussing the single leaf.

SUBSPECIFIC TAXA:

Cirsium undulatum var. undulatum
NOTES: Synonymy according to Hsi, 1960.
SYNONYMS
- Cirsium megacephalum, (Gray) Cock. ex Daniels.
  CITATION:Univ. Mo. Stud. 2:402. 1911.
- Cirsium undulatum var. megacephalus, (Gray) Fern.
  CITATION: Rhodora 10:94. 1908.
- Carduus megacephalus, (Gray) Smyth
  CITATION: Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 16: 160. 1899; Cock. ex Daniels, Univ. Mo. Stud. 2:402. 1911.
- Carduus undulatus var. megacephalus, (Gray) Greene
  CITATION: Proc. Acad. Phila. 1892:306. 1893.; Porter, in Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 5:345. 1894.
- Cnicus undulatus var. megacephalus, Gray
  CITATION: Proc. Am. Acad. 10:42. 1874.
  TYPE: none designated.
Cirsium undulatum var. angustifolium, Hsi - nomen nudum?
CITATION: Taxonomy, Distribution and Relationships of the species of Cirsium belonging to the series Undulata. PhD. Dissertation, UMIN. 1960. [not effective publication]
TYPE: I.M. Johnson 8920, from "Sierra Madrea: vicinity of 'La Cueva' in Corte Blanco fork of Charretera Canyon; scrub-oak zone just below the conifer forest, 5,300-6,500 ft. alt.", western Coahuila, Mexico (HT: GH)
Cirsium undulatum var. townsendii, (Petrak) Hsi - nomen nudum?
CITATION: Taxonomy, Distribution and Relationships of the species of Cirsium belonging to the series Undulata. PhD. Dissertation, UMIN. 1960. [not effective publication]
SYNONYMS:
- Cirsium ochrocentrum var. townsendii, Petrak
  CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):420. 1917.
  TYPE: C.H.T. Townsend & C.M. Barber 59, 2 June 1895, from "near Colonia Garcia in the Sierra Madres, alt. 7.500 ft.", Chihuahua, Mexico. (HT:US, isotypes GH, MO, NY, RM)
Cirsium undulatum var. franktonia, Boivin
CITATION: Phytologia. 23: 113. 1972.
TYPE: Calder & Savile 9838, 29 Jun 1953, Canada. At foot of Mt. Anarchist, just e of Osoyoos
Cirsium undulatum var. albescens, D.C.Eaton
CITATION: King, Rep. U.S. Geol. Explor. 40th Parallel 5:194, 1871.
TYPE: Watson 687, shore of Stansbury Island, Utah. (HT:YU)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) shows this as a synonym of Cirsium neomexicanum.
Cirsium undulatum var. album, Farwell
CITATION: Am, Midl. Nat. 10:219, 1927.
TYPE: Farwell 7725, 14 Jul 19xx, Michigan. N of Ann Arbor
NOTE: Cirsium undulatum var. grahami, (A. Gray) Petrak is retained as Cirsium grahami
NOTE: Cirsium undulatum var. tracyi, (Rydb) Welsh is retained as Cirsium tracyi

Cirsium utahense, Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Cent. 35(2):470. 1917.
TYPE: M.E. Jones 5163q, Silver Reef, Washington Co., Utah. (HT:G)
NOTE: Cronquist (1994) refers his readers to J.T. Howell (1959) for correct number of type collection. Howell (1959) says the number on the POM isotype is 5163q, not 3163b as given by Petrak.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus nevadensis, Greene
Pittonia 3:26. 1896. Not Cirsium nevadense, Willk. 1859.
TYPE: Greene s.n., West Humboldt Mts., Nev., July 1895 [HT: NDG] (HT consists of three sheets, Nos. 063697-9, Cronquist (1994) says that the short corolla throat suggests Cirsium neomexicanum.)
Cirsium humboldtense, Rydb.
Fl. Rocky Mts. 1007, 1068. 1917. [1918]
TYPE: ?
Cirsium wallowense, M.E. Peck
CITATION: Madroño 5:247. 1940.
TYPE: Peck 18243, 28 June 1934, 5 mi e. of Flora, Wallowa Co., Oregon [HT:WILLU]

NOTE: Cronquist (1994) places C. utahense in synonomy with Cirsium neomexicanum but the rest of these synonyms in Cirsium subniveum.

Cirsium validus, (Greene) Heller
CITATION: Cat. N. Amer. Pl. 8. 1898.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus validus

Cirsium vaseyi, Jepson
CITATION: Jepson, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1165, 1925.
NOTES: [see Cirsium hydrophyllum var. vaseyi]
SYNONYMS:

Cirsium vaseyi, (Gray) Jepson var. hydrophilum, (Greene) Jepson. in part.
CITATION: Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. 1165, 1925.
Cirsium montigenum, Petrak.
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 35(2):454. 1917.
TYPE: A. Eastwood 1556, 3 Aug 1912, California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais
A. Eastwood 3476, 10 Jul 1913, California. along road to Bolinas back of Libertys
SYNTYPE: W. N. Suksdorf 576, 16–17 Jul 1913, California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais
Cirsium vaseyi, Petrak.
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centralb. 35(2):240. 1917.
Carduus vaseyi, (Gray) Heller.
CITATION: Muhl. 1:61. 1904.
Cnicus breweri var. vaseyi, Gray
CITATION: Syn. Fl. 1(2):404. 1884.
TYPE: Vasey s.n., California. Marin Co.: Mt. Tamalpais

NOTES: Heller, (1904) also put Carduus undulatus var. nevadensis and Carduus inamoenus in synonomy with C. vaseyi. He gives the type as Lemmon, Mrs. Ames for C. breweri var. vaseyi, which he treats as the basionym. But see Howell (1943).

Cirsium velatum, (Wats.) Petrak
CITATION: Beih. Bot. Centrabl. 27(2):247. 1910.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus velatus, (Wats.) Greene
CITATION: Proc. Acad. Phil. 44:363. 1893.
Cnicus velatus, Wats.
CITATION: Proc. Am. Arts & Sci. 26:243. 1891.
TYPE: C.G. Pringle 3228, Aug.31, 1890, low meadows, Flor de Maria, State of Mexico. [HT:GH; isotypes:GH, MO, NY, US]

Cirsium vergilense, Nesom
CITATION: ?
TYPE: Nesom & McDonald 6446, Mexico: Chihuahua, San Pablo Balleza

Cirsium vernale, Cockerell
CITATION: Univ. Colo. Studies, 9:78, 1912.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus vernalis, Osterh.
CITATION: Muhlenbergia 7:12. 1911.
TYPE: Osterhout 4225, 26 May 1910, Colorado. Mesa Co.: De Beque

Cirsium vinaceum, Wooton & Standl.
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19:751. 1915.
SYNONYMS:

Carduus vinaceus, Woot. & Standl.
CITATION: Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 16:196. 1913.
TYPE: Wooton s.n. 12 July, 1899, Sacramento Mts, near Fresnal, NM.. [HT: U